Kids getting older Young

kids getting older young

Kids getting older Young

Kids getting older Young

According to studies conducted in the recent years, it is reported that kids are growing faster than ever before. Marketers agree that kids between the ages of three to five years old today behave like children aged eight and nine in the past decades. They are highly aware of brand influences and knowledge compared to the kids of their age in the past years. In this time and age, kids are more exposed to sexual activities, violence, drugs and technology. As a result of all these, kids are introduced to brands that are advertised through these means, at very tender ages. Children who are exposed to programming and televisions are more aware of the brands as a result of the commercials that are broadcast in different slots of the shows.

To some extent, it can be said that managers are to blame for kids getting older young, especially those from well accomplished companies. These big organizations tend to broadcast their adverts on strategic places that are easily accessible to teenagers like vending machines, and schools. Children are then forced to accept that in order to fit and look beautiful, they have to use the products that are being advertised. However, it can also be lack of responsibility on the part of kids that lead them towards acting older. Most of the programs that are aired on TV and online are mainly targeted at adults, but kids watch them too. As a result of this, children are exposed to things that are not appropriate for their ages.

Companies like Goodwin Design Group, are committed to the production of products that are suitable for both kids and their families. The company engages in user-centric and co-creation design since its inception. It is able to achieve this by involving kids and their families in the process of improving products that they need and also manufacturing.

 

 

To easily learn how to write an outstanding paper on Kids Getting Older Young, simply refer to the article in this section.get the best academic writing help from best essay writing services at EssaysExperts.net

 

 

 

Works Cited

Clements, Rhonda L, and Leah Fiorentino. The Child’s Right to Play: A Global Approach. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2004. Print.

 

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American Concert Music to 1945 Quiz

music

Essay 8: American Concert Music to 1945 Quiz

Essay 8: American Concert Music to 1945 Quiz

Question 1

  1. St. Cecilia Society’s purpose was to enhance organization of concerts
  2. Its location was Charleston, North America
  3. It was established in 1762

Question 2

  1. Dilettante refers to an individual who involves himself or herself in a certain area that interests him/her such as arts without real commitment or knowledge of that area.
  2. A dilettante and a “Gentleman Amateur” are the same
  3. Thomas Jefferson and Francis Hopkinson are two dilettantes of the early colonial times
  4. People know Francis Hopkinson for composing an ancient song in art, My Days Have Been so Wondrous Free, Thomas Jefferson on the other had is popularly known as a violin player as well as a writer of important essays regarding the African slaves’ music.

Question 3

  1. William Billings became a famous person after composing the fuguing tunes
  2. A fuguing tune refers to a hymn that was particularly sacred and deployed by ancient American composers during the American Revolution. The tunes are composed for a cappella with a four-part chorus and placed in the tenor voice. The tune is later harmonized to rhyme with the block chords. Once a fuguing section has been included, every voice must enter at a time while singing an original tune although there may be a slight version with the last phrase being chordal.

Question 4

  1. Anthony Philip Heinrich refers to an immigrant from Bohemian who visited America in 1805 after which he immigrated into America in 1910 with the intention of becoming a businessman. Later, he reversed the initial intention and became a composer, a musician and eventually a conductor.
  2. While in Europe and America, he was known by the nickname “America’s Beethoven”.
  3. He passed away in 1861.

Question 5

  1. Louis Moreau Gottschalk wrote The Last Hope and The Banjo
  2. The sound difference between the Union and The Last Hope as well as The Banjo is that the union includes patriotic airs and rolling drums. It is also written in a virtuosic manner which is different from The Last Hope and The Banjo. The rhythm of The Banjo is syncopated which is a characteristic of the music of the African slaves. The Last Hope is a flowery saccharine piece with a European style.
  3. The birth land of Gottschalk was Creole South, New Orleans
  4. Gottschalk passed away in Brazil
  5. Initially, he was buried in a cemetery in Rio de Janeiro. However, he was reburied in the Brooklyn Cemetery that is located in New York.

Question 6

  1. John Knowles Paine was the academic composer’s prototype
  2. He pursued advanced training in music in Germany
  3. He taught music that was German-oriented at Harvard in the US
  4. He had an association with a composers’ group called The Second New England School

Question 7

  1. The work of the Americans, George Whitefield Chadwick and Charles Martin Loeffler indicates a shift in preference of the American composers from France in terms of music.
  2. Loeffler had a colleague student, a Frenchman Claude Debussy during his childhood years.

Question 8

  1. Programmatic music refers to a special music style that uses a kind of additional non-musical effects and material that give the audience information which enhances listening experience. The additional material can be a type of events, pictures, poems, painting, texts or dancing. Instrumental music that does not include a text or a vocalist is also called program music.
  2. “To a Wild Rose” is an example of programmatic music by MacDowell.
  3. “First Piano Concerto” is an example of abstract music by MacDowell.
  4. MacDowell embraced abstract music writing style in Europe. This music style is about tones only without any attachment to a visual scene or story.

Question 9

  1. The father of Charles Ives used to conduct sessions of ear training at the table where the family used to have dinner. Some family members would sing the accompaniment as one key and the others would sing the melody as the other key.
  2. The fragments of the song by Stephen Foster that are heard in the Black March by Ives come from the Old Black Joe
  3. The work of Ives, The Housatonic at Stockbridge may be seen as his transcendental experience since it paints his tone’s picture and that of his wife as they walk along River Housatonic which has a mist of the church choir’s sound that come from the bank on the opposite side. This feeling causes an extraordinary sensation of divinity.

Question 10

  1. No, my view is that Ives would not call me “sissy ears”
  2. This is because of the truth that I like creative music as well as cases where musicians go beyond their method of mixing different classes and genres of music in order to come up with an extra ordinary and creative piece.
  3. Yes, I have enjoyed a transcendental experience in the past
  4. I had this experience while viewing the Giatto’s “Mother and Child Enthroned”. This was a divine experience where I felt The Virgin Mary’s and Jesus Christ’s presence inside the room. I could feel God’s presence though invisible. I could sense God guiding me. He was telling me that if I believed in Jesus, my life would be improved.

Question 11

  1. The decision of Ives was to write while on holidays and weekends only since he was not willing to abandon the music direction that he had chosen. He started living a dual life of a composer and a businessman on graduating from the Yale University in 1898. He compromised an insurance executive’s job by opting to compose his music during the holidays and weekends.
  2. The peak composing period of Ives was between 1890s and 1919.
  3. His composition was highly affected by the heart attack that he suffered in 1918.

Question 12

  1. To me, Schelomo has a Jewish sound
  2. The song uses musical instruments in a conservative manner which gives it a Jewish sound
  3. Ernest Block composed Schelomo.

Question 13

  1. La Creation du Monde by Milhaud and Rhapsody in Blue by Gershwin differ in that, the piece by Milhaud presents a two-part composition that has a slower Prelude that has a beginning section with a contrapuntal section that follows it like the Bach Chorale Prelude. The end points or cadences have notable jazz elements. These used obvious clichés of jazz. Rhapsody in Blues (1924) by Gershwin on the other had is a true synthesis between jazz and classical music.
  2. Gershwin blended the European jazz. However, the classical music gave it a more American sound.
  3. “Rhapsody in Blue” depicts a nature that is more of American that European
  4. This is due to the fact that this piece was composed with the thought of a European format while Gershwin work was composed without a hint of the European format.

Question 14

  1. The term postmodern is used in reference to the past three decades’ music done in the 20th
  2. To fully comprehend the word postmodern, the word modern should be interpreted to mean anything innovative and new in music. It can also be used as a means of identifying new or latest things.
  3. Here are the meanings of modern:
  • Something innovative and new in music. A means of identifying new or latest things
  • Experimental or radical music body that was composed between 1920 and 1970 which separates it from the styles of the other periods.

Question 15

  1. Five popular modernist composers before 1945:
  • Edgard Varse (from 1883 to 1965)
  • Henry Cowell (from 1897 to 1965)
  • Harry Partch (from 1901 to 1974)
  • Lou Harrison (from 1917 to 2003)
  • John Cage (from 1912 to 1992)
  1. The first composer that was associated with the modern music via the publication of the book, New Musical Resources was Henry Cowell.
  2. The microtonal 43-tones to octave techniques were associated with Harry Partch.
  3. Music for Prepared Piano was written by John Cage.

Question 16

  1. The Roll One sound clip produces the sounds of a piano, drums, xylophones, and propellers of a steel airplane, sirens and electric bells.
  2. Yes, my view is that the composer ought to be compared to Italian futurists.
  3. This is due to the fact that his music has tiny motives with accents that keep changing, endless repetition and superimposition which creates a music fabric with a Russian master’s resemblance which could be compared to the Italian futurists’ music. The futurists also used noise in creating their music.

Question 17

  1. Aaron Copland could identify with the common man’s plight and he had leftist political ideas and beliefs that prompted him to compose audience-friendly music that the masses could access during the period of Depression.
  2. Four popular compositions that he came up with from 1936 to 1944 are:
  • The Common Man Fanfare (1942)
  • Rodeo (1942)
  • The orchestra’s El Salon Mexico (1936)
  • Billy the Kid (1938)
  1. Aaron Copland, in conjunction with Verese and Cowell was composing the modern music sounds in the 1920s.

Question 18

  1. Adagio for strings is a composition by Samuel Barber that is used in the USA during crisis since the time when the death of President Roosevelt was announced officially in 1945 (through the radio) as well as the death of President Kennedy’s announcement (on the television).
  2. The dominant instrument in the sound clip is the violin. This includes viola, bass, cello and violin.

Question 19

I was caught by surprise in terms of the American Classical music concert by the fact that America took a long time before having their original music. This is due to the fact that my thought was that America was the earliest society to compose music without foreign influences.

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Every human being is concerned with what happens after death

Every human being is concerned with what happens after death-heaven and nirvana

Every human being is concerned with what happens after death-heaven and nirvana

What happens after the death of a human being is the concern of every human person. This question is among the main reasons why religion was invented by humankind many years back. Currently, religion is still a significant influential force that has various ideologies that fuel the never-ending debate. Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims and Christians describe the heaven concept. The focus of this paper is on the Christian Heaven and Buddhist Nirvana (Clark, 53). The assertion of this paper is that Christian Heaven and Buddhist Nirvana are vague, indistinct and unreliable concepts that both religions have. This paper uses relevant and authoritative findings of scholars in both religions to compare and contrast the ideologies of Christian Heaven and Buddhist Nirvana.

Jesus Christ and his disciples who were his followers described Christian Heaven in the biblical books of John, Luke, Mark, Matthew and Acts of Apostles which include Saint Paul’s letters as an indistinct and vague state. Sakya Muni, a Buddhist teacher also described Buddhist Nirvana in a similar manner. Both Sakya and Jesus as depicted in the teachings of these religions appear to have the same confidences about Hell’s existence. They exercised caution while expressing ideologies that they had about Heaven.

According to the teachings that were perpetuated by Jesus and those who followed him, Heaven is clearly a concept that cannot be relied upon. Here is the analysis of the teachings of Jesus about Heaven and the analysis of His teaching about Hell which are the concepts of Christianity.

The belief of Jesus was that there existed a place where people who lived wicked lives were bound to go. The devil held or managed this place together with the wicked angels. For instance, in the biblical or Christian book, Matthew (Chapter 12), Jesus’ teachings describe this place as a place where people would weep, gnash their teeth and wail. Heaven on the other hand as Matthew (Xiii. 43) described it is a place where the righteous or the redeemed will live and shine the way the sun does. According to Luke Xvi 22, Heaven is a simple relaxation or restfulness at the bosom of Abraham. The reader is made to accept that the blessed people can experience and see the torments of the damned people in Hell.

However, it does not appear as if Lazarus, the poor person or the faithful father has the enjoyment that one should contemplate. While writing to Corinthians (1, 15), Saint Paul described heaven as the faithful and just people’s resurrection where all people will emerge in form of a spirit of the initially earthly self. In the gospel according to John (14, 2), Jesus’ report reveals that there are many mansions in the house of his father although what is done in these mansions is not described or revealed (Inman 36; Knitter 19).

There are also revelations of Christian Heaven’s teachings in other books. St. John’s book, The Revelation gives a detailed description of the belief of some Christians about heaven. This book describes heaven as the place that has infinite riches that include gold and precious stones, enjoyable odors and music. The book describes this place as a place where joys are always in contact with the wealth evidences constantly. Apart from wealth evidences, heaven also involves eternal singing as well as absence of suffering, sorrow and pain.

Heaven is also described as the New Jerusalem. This Jerusalem has fabulous adornment of gems and a burning sun that lights it. It has clear water that refreshes it and different varieties of trees and fruits furnishing it. John describes heaven as a place where there are no diseases that have to be healed. People who were not hell’s candidates were destined to live forever enjoying a crystal river. The differences in these visionary writings have not been found yet and they ought to make humans distrust them due to the wild theories which can be generated from these absurdities. Therefore, Christian Heaven is revealed as a place that each Christian writer as well as the followers of Jesus wants to describe using their superior knowledge (Inman 28-34).

In the description of the Buddhist Nirvana by Sakya Muni, Nirvana should be desired by all good men. Nirvana means total destruction or inhalation after practicing and learning law. This is heaven’s ideology which many Buddhists including the famous historian, St. Hillarie and teachers hold. However, Max Muller, a great authority in German opposed this view in a meeting with other German philologists in 1869 in Kiel city. According to a declaration by Muller, the belief of death the way Buddha taught it is not part of the doctrine that he advocated for. His argument was that supposing that Nirvana signified annihilation is wrong (Sach 185).

Muller noted that Buddhist Nirvana implies total termination of misery and pain. Scholars have also quoted Siddhartha as using Nirvana as a synonym for Nirvritti or Moksha. These states give a description of Nirvana as the higher spiritual liberty and bliss state. With these great differences, it is vital to question the reason while trying to understand Nirvana and Heaven. The belief of Sakya’s followers is that after death, they will attain immortality. They further believe that they will be free from the horrors of earthly life. Nevertheless, freedom from the pleasures of the earth is negative after the death of a human being (Sach 186).

With these arguments, some researchers have compared these regions as well as their ideologies about heaven or life after human death. The assertion of the researchers is that these religions have distinct differences. A major difference between Nirvana and Heaven is that according to Christian teachings, Heaven implies non-stop abundant life. Buddhist Nirvana stands for or promises a void, lengthy road or non-existence. Heaven promises a never-ending paradise. It promises a place of special immortality where suffering and sin do not exist since the faithful people live with God who loves them forever. Christians are promised heaven by God where they will inherit what God owns. Additionally, they are promised an increase in love, peace, adventure, knowledge and a good community with great treasures. They are promised a place of overjoyed wonder (Weldon 5; Sach 190).

Contrary to this, Buddhist Nirvana promises nonexistence or void of life in the Nirvana. Researchers like Clive Erricker have described this contrast by writing that continuing selfhood is promised in Christian heaven. His assertion is that Christians understand heaven as the future state which follows the earthly life and this is not what happens in Nirvana. Erricker notes that it is possible to use earthly terms to understand heaven but this is not the case for Nirvana. Actually, Erricker condemns Nirvana contending that it is impossible to compare it to the Samsaric existence which entails everything’s cessation.

Therefore, the Nirvana’s problem is that it sounds like an idea that is terribly negative. This is because it seems like all precious things of human kind including their earthly experience are destroyed and rejected. Most Christian writers have supported this notion by Erricker who contend that in Buddhism, the ultimate goal is to destroy human individuality through Nirvana or to destroy everything meaningful to humans’ existence (Weldon 128).

In a nut shell, this paper has discussed the arguments that writers and scholars have written about Christian Heaven and Buddhist Nirvana in details. Contrasts and comparisons of these religions have also been made. The paper has revealed that the teachings of these religions in terms of Nirvana or Heaven are instinct and vague. Although there are differences in the teachings of these religions as some writers argue, there are writers who have indicated that Heaven and Nirvana are indistinct and vague. These studies should be a good lesson for people and religious extremists who do not tolerate the religious beliefs of the others. With the consideration of the civilization that the modern humankind has enjoyed for centuries, it can safely be argued that taking a neutral position is the best option. This is because nobody actually knows anything regarding the future humankind’s state.

 

 

Works Cited

Clark, Donald N. Culture and Costums of Korea. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood Press, 2000,             53.

Inman, Thomas. Ancient Faiths and Modern: A Dissertation Upon Worships, Legends and           Divinities. Alexandria: University of Michigan Library, 2006.

Knitter, Paul F. Without Buddha I could not be a Christian. Croydon: Oneworld Publications ,     2009.

Sach, Jacky. The Everything Buddhism Book: Learn the Ancient Traditions and Apply Them to    Modern Life. Avon, Mass: Adams Media, 2003, 185- 192.

Weldon, John. “Buddhism And Nichiren Shoshu/Soka Gakkai Buddhism –A Critique and            Biblical Analysis.” ATRI Publishing (2012): 152.

“NICHIREN SHOSHU BUDDHISM: MYSTICAL MATERIALISM FOR THE MASSES.”             www.equip.org/PDF/DN095.pdf‎ (2011): 1-7.

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Essay sample on Amino Acids Benefits

amino acids

Essay sample on Amino Acids Benefits

Amino acids can be simply defined as small molecules that build proteins. There are two classes, essential and non-essential amino acids. All these are required by the body for several functions. Essential cannot be synthesized by the body and are obtained from the diets that we consume. Non-essential  on the other hand, can be internally produced by the body. Read on to find out the benefits that we can obtain from amino acids.

There are several roles that are played by amino acids in our bodies. One of them is that they have the ability to enhance antioxidant activity. This simply means that they can help in combating build up of excess fats in our bodies. According to research, it has been established that they can help in burning abdominal fat in women after menopause. However, it can also have the same effect in men too.

They can also help in the retention of muscle mass. Amino acids are used in making complex proteins that are renowned for building muscles when combined with exercises. However, studies have shown that amino acids can significantly benefit muscles even without intensive workouts. Even for those who take part in exercises, amino acids are still important to help in muscle recovery after training sessions. With this, there is no doubt that amino acids can deliver an improved exercise performance.

There are six that have been proven to help in reducing and preventing loss of hair. These six include arginine, cysteine, methionine, lysine, glycine and proline. Arginine is an amino acid that produces keratin and also helps in minimizing diseases that are related to hair loss. Besides, it also enhances immune function. Methionine and cystenine are ideal for protecting the hair follicles from oxidative stress. Lysine, glycine and proline help in the production of collagen.

They can also help in reducing arthritis. Arginine and methionine help in curing arthritis through reducing inflammation and aiding the repair of joints. Research has shown that methionine has effects that are similar to the impacts of conventional anti-inflammatory medication. Arginine on the other hand, can enhance the healing of inflammatory processes. Besides, it also improves circulation, thereby enabling the transfer of nutrients to various body parts including the joints.

They can also correct erectile dysfunction. Among the various kinds of amino acids, arginine is considered to be the most effective remedy for erectile dysfunction since it helps in improving circulation. It is the main building block in Nitrogen Monoxide molecule that helps in controlling relaxation of arteries. This further helps in regulating the flow of blood throughout the entire body. With this, people who are suffering from erectile dysfunction are able to withstand erection for a prolonged period of time.

They can also slow down the ageing process. Glutamic acid, glycine and cystanine are the three amino acids that have strong anti-oxidant properties. This enables them to prevent damage of cells by free radicals. As a result of this, the body is able to maintain healthy tissues, thus, stay young.

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Reference:

http://aminoacidstudies.org/

http://www.livestrong.com/article/259161-what-are-the-benefits-of-amino-acid-supplements/

 

 

 

 

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Essay Sample on Protein Synthesis

protein synthesis online

Protein biosynthesis

Protein biosynthesis can be simply defined as the process through which cells are able to build proteins for use by the body. Even though most people use this term in reference to protein translation, however, it should be noted that it is used to define a multi-process that starts with the synthesis of amino acids and transcription. Amino acids are the monomers that undergo polymerization in order to give forth, proteins. However, not all the amino acids can be synthesized by each organism.

In many occasions, proteins can be directly synthesized from genes through the process of MRNA translation. Whenever the body requires proteins on short notice or in large amounts, a precursor for protein is produced. This precursor is called a proprotein. It is basically a protein that is inactive and contains one or more peptides. These inhibitory peptides can undergo activation in a situation whereby the inhibitory sequence has been removed. Preproteins have both the inhibitory and signal sequences.

For protein to be synthesized there has to be a unification of tRNA molecules that are charged with the required amino acids, with an MRNA molecule. Besides, it also has to be matched up through base pairing. In order to extend the growing chain of proteins, the amino acids have to be joined together. The tRNAs on the other hand, have to be released. This entire process is conducted by a large multi-molecular tissue known as the ribosome.

When discussing protein synthesis, it is important to bear in mind that DNA plays a crucial role. However, it only carries genetic information and does not take part in the process whereby the information is being used. The first step involves transcribing the genetic information that is contained therein into a form that can be useful. Either way, the information contained in the DNA can also undergo translation to produce a sequence of amino acids.

Transcription and translation are the two main processes that are involved in protein synthesis. Transcription is the first step that takes place in three phases; initiation, elongation and termination. In order to ensure that gene transcription is done correctly, each of the three stages is controlled by co-activators and transcription factors. This process takes place in the cell nucleus.

Translation is the process through which proteins are synthesized from RNA. It takes place in the cytoplasm, the location for ribosomes.  Translation is carried out in four phases; activation, initiation, elongation and termination. At this stage of protein synthesis, amino acids are fixed with tRNA molecules.

Biosynthesis is mainly followed by two events; post-translational modification and folding of proteins. In the process of synthesis and after it, polypeptide chains are often folded into structural units. It is this process that is referred to as protein folding. The task of protein synthesis in the cells begins at the N-terminal end of a polypeptide chain. Before the formation of an active protein, modifications have to be made to the polypeptide.

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Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/synthesis9.html

 

 

 

 

 

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Marketing Plan

marketing plan

Marketing Plan                       

A marketing plan is defined as a written organization document that describes the current market situation for a particular company and the way through which it will pursue its marketing operations for products and services within a given period of time. The period that is covered by the marketing plan usually lies between a minimum of one year and a maximum of five years. The marketing plan takes into consideration the prevailing issues in the market like products, pricing, placement, and promotions. Besides, it also takes into account the features of the target market, available controls, and assessment of mechanisms confirming the efficiency of the strategies used.

It provides a short description of how the components of the marketing mix could be pursued in order to meet the objectives, which will help in determining the desired returns on investments, total sales, and market share for a particular segment of the market (Juin, 2000). The process entails writing comprehensive objective statements, quantifying and measuring them for the best results. Effective marketing plan is mainly centered on a sound and strategic foundation.

Objectives of a Marketing Plan

It is a comprehensive guide, which provides a summary of the overall business marketing efforts. It is applied as a means of achieving the marketing objectives of the business. A marketing plan is mainly aimed at making the business to be in a position of offering solutions based on the information that it has about customers’ expectations. In this way, the business is able to satisfy the unfulfilled needs of the customers, thereby making sure that the information obtained is acted upon. The marketing plan will act as a mechanism for increasing the business’ market share. It helps the business in the identification of its competitors, existing and potential customers, strengths and weaknesses of the company (Juin, 2000).

A marketing research helps owners of small businesses in determining the needs and preferences of their customers, thus offering the products and services that are needed most. Some of the common sources of marketing information include feedback from customers, existing market reports and competitors.

 

References

Juin, S. С. (2000). Marketing planning & strategy. Thompson Learning.

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Modifying Project Schedules for Time and Resource Constraints

Modifying Project Schedules for Time and Resource Constraints

Modifying Project Schedules for Time and Resource Constraints

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Modifying Project Schedules for Time and Resource Constraints

In the most basic definition, a project is the set of coordinated activities that have defined finishing and starting times undertaken in order to attain specific objectives. During the duration of a project, there are resource, cost and time constraints. Therefore, this brings about the need for skills in project management, which among others include making plans for such eventualities in advance and mitigating them effectively once they arise.

Time constraints refers to when the deadlines of projects which are crucial to success of a project and which cannot be exceeded. A project that is time constrained is one where the deadline set and the resources available to beat the deadline are available. The best technique to deal with time constraint is to fast track the project. This is achieved through shifting serial scheduling to parallel scheduling. This also means previously defined finish and start times of tasks should be along a critical path which is one at a time and they should not overlap (Harrison & Lock, 2004). This helps saves time and also ensures the completion times are faster.

Through resource leveling, it is possible to modify a project schedule that is time constrained. This is schedule modification of project activities such that resulting amount of the resource needed remains relatively constant through the entire project life. This aids to resolve the problem of having small amounts of resources that are needed in the later and earlier stages while more is required in the middle (Nicholas & Steyn, 2008). Practically, this is achieved through moving activities around, for instance reducing slack time and moving to activities that are non-critical at later stages. This often has the effect of reducing workloads that are extremely high and filling idle time with additional workload. It also creates a workload that is relatively level and address the issue of time constraints.

A project that has resource constraints is one where there is limited resource access and whose deadline is determined by the accessibility and availability of those resources. Therefore, this means time can be flexible as it is tied up by resources availability. One of the techniques to resolve this is reassigning and rescheduling the tasks of employees. This is a necessity since if the resources for one task are not availed at a particular time, the human resources available currently cannot be permitted to remain idle as this creates a negative net effect. Instead, workers available currently are rescheduled to other tasks whose resources are available. This means their original jobs can get rescheduled until resources needed to complete that job are available (Nicholas & Steyn, 2008).

For projects that are both time and resource constrained, there are two rescheduling strategies which will be applied. This is due to the fact there must be sufficient resources for the project to get completed within the required date as such, creating double constraint. In this case, the project manager has to use direction in combination with strategies mentioned above and additional ones that might help in addressing the problem. These might include adding people to a schedule and increasing the work hours.

Resource and time constraints are problems majority of project managers have to contend with today. However, though use of combining the appropriate scheduling methods, these problems can be appropriately dealt with in order to complete projects in a timely fashion.

 

 

 

References

Harrison, F. L., & Lock, D. (2004). Advanced project management: A structured approach.         Aldershot, England: Gower.

Nicholas, J. M., & Steyn, H. (2008). Project management for business, engineering, and technology: Principles and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.

 

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Promotion of the Green Culture within Organizations

green culture in an organisation

PROMOTION OF THE GREEN CULTURE WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS

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Promotion of the Green Culture within Organizations

Today, the world is characterized by greening culture that has become integrated into the core aspect of society in order to avert climate change effects as well as promote sustainable protection of the environment. There has been formation and implementation of a myriad of rules, regulations and laws at organizational and government level aimed at enhancing environmental sustainability. A large percentage of organizations have implemented effective measures for these rules and laws. However, implementation of the rules and laws is not sufficient to enhance environmental sustainability. This is due to technical fixes which cannot be considered sufficient for green change in employees and management (Harris and Crane 2000, 215).

Instillation of behavioral change related to green culture is not easy doe to a myriad of barriers and challenges to changing perceptions present for employees and managers. Literature dictates lack of motivation in pursuing a given objective or goal is can be an impediment that is quite serious in generation of the desired results that an objective or goals aims to achieve. This analogy can be evidenced by the comments of manager regarding choice between organizational success and objectives. Majority believed the core principle of their companies is enhancement of revenues and profitability, while environmental sustainability takes second place (Harris and Crane 2000, 220). Additionally, , they believe consideration of the necessity for green culture can be done effectively it comes with economic benefits that are substantial with their social responsibility to society deemed as irrelevant in business environment (Harris and Crane 2000, 220).

There are numerous risks linked with organizations that conform to green culture. Top on the list is resistance to change by not only employees but the management which results in the contravention of the company’s effectiveness and productivity. Forcing laws, requirements and rules for organizational change on the basis of green culture model is deemed unfair or cumbersome for purposes of implementation. As such, this means there will arise dissociations and conflicts which lead to poor management of customers, employees and resources which ultimately as great effects on the organization.

The organization is also at risk of economic and competition sabotage. Competitors who have adopted green culture can have their products considered as environment friendly which in turn drives sales upwards. This can result in products of other companies suffering from reduced sales and subsequent revenues. Lack of adherence to green culture can also force revenues and sales as a result of societal and consumer perceptions that a company is not taking its social responsibility seriously. This can paint a company as selfish and operating to achieve its needs only without taking into consideration the serious environmental effects it causes as a result of its operations.

Additionally, lack of adhering to environmental sustainability can also result to hefty fines, taxes and levies on the company due to flouting environmental safety rules, standards and laws. The charges serve the purpose of increasing company expenses and reducing profitability. Managers have also adapted and reiterated that green culture has to a great extent, affected their decision making within organizations. This means some decisions in conflict with green culture have experience delays or rejection in passage or implementation. As such, this negatively affects the performance of the company. However, some managers believe green culture effect on decision making has its overall positive effect on the agenda of a company (Harris and Crane 2000, 221). This has resulted in employees having social moral and responsibility, which in turn drives their output as they believe their work will have a positive effect on the community.

References

Harris, C. L. and Crane, A., 2000. The greening of organizational culture: management views on the depth, degree, and diffusion of change. Journal of organization change management. 15(3), 214-234.

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Essay Sample on Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis

Essay Sample on Protein Synthesis

Protein biosynthesis can be simply defined as the process through which cells are able to build proteins for use by the body. Even though most people use this term in reference to protein translation, however, it should be noted that it is used to define a multi-process that starts with the synthesis of amino acids and transcription. Amino acids are the monomers that undergo polymerization in order to give forth, proteins. However, not all the amino acids can be synthesized by each organism.

In many occasions, proteins can be directly synthesized from genes through the process of MRNA translation. Whenever the body requires proteins on short notice or in large amounts, a precursor for protein is produced. This precursor is called a proprotein. It is basically a protein that is inactive and contains one or more peptides. These inhibitory peptides can undergo activation in a situation whereby the inhibitory sequence has been removed. Preproteins have both the inhibitory and signal sequences.

For protein to be synthesized there has to be a unification of tRNA molecules that are charged with the required amino acids, with an MRNA molecule. Besides, it also has to be matched up through base pairing. In order to extend the growing chain of proteins, the amino acids have to be joined together. The tRNAs on the other hand, have to be released. This entire process is conducted by a large multi-molecular tissue known as the ribosome.

When discussing protein synthesis, it is important to bear in mind that DNA plays a crucial role. However, it only carries genetic information and does not take part in the process whereby the information is being used. The first step involves transcribing the genetic information that is contained therein into a form that can be useful. Either way, the information contained in the DNA can also undergo translation to produce a sequence of amino acids.

Transcription and translation are the two main processes that are involved in protein synthesis. Transcription is the first step that takes place in three phases; initiation, elongation and termination. In order to ensure that gene transcription is done correctly, each of the three stages is controlled by co-activators and transcription factors. This process takes place in the cell nucleus.

Translation is the process through which proteins are synthesized from RNA. It takes place in the cytoplasm, the location for ribosomes.  Translation is carried out in four phases; activation, initiation, elongation and termination. At this stage of protein synthesis, amino acids are fixed with tRNA molecules.

Biosynthesis is mainly followed by two events; post-translational modification and folding of proteins. In the process of synthesis and after it, polypeptide chains are often folded into structural units. It is this process that is referred to as protein folding. The task of protein synthesis in the cells begins at the N-terminal end of a polypeptide chain. Before the formation of an active protein, modifications have to be made to the polypeptide.

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Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/synthesis9.html

 

 

 

 

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How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis Essay for College

Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Rhetorical Analysis Essay

How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis Essay for College

As a college student, you should know how to write a rhetorical analysis essay for college because analysis forms part of organization and prewriting of most college essays and papers. You have to analyze any text that you read to determine differences and similarities or even to classify it. Analysis is also important because it enables you to synthesize what you read. A rhetorical analysis essay for college refers to an essay in which non-fiction work is broken down into parts after which the writer explains how they all work together in accomplishing the set goal or creating a specific effect which could to be inform, entertain or persuade- http://writingcenter.tamu.edu/Students/Handouts-Guides/Guides-(What-Are-You-Writing-)/Academic-Writing/Analysis/Rhetorical-Analysis (follow the link for more information).

Why it is important to know how to write a rhetorical analysis essay for college

Analyzing text rhetoric is simply figuring out how the text persuades the target readers rather than what it is trying to persuade them to do. It is simply figuring out how a text goes about the task of accomplishing the set goal. Rhetorical analysis is not concerned about the correctness of the assertions of a text directly.

With the skills for conducting a rhetorical analysis and writing an essay, you can understand how writers try to persuade you and this makes you less vulnerable to any manipulation. Additionally, with the ability to conduct this inquiry and come up with an essay, you can make important, appreciable contributions towards critical thinking and apply it to academic studies. If you can figure out the way arguments work, you can also understand the way different academic disciplines operate. For instance, analyzing linguistic texts rhetorically enables you to comprehend the way the linguistic discipline provides answers to different questions on the basis of which members of this discipline form their beliefs.

What exactly you should analyze in your rhetorical analysis essay

A rhetorical analysis essay should evaluate and examine the choices made by the writer in creating his or her work. To achieve this, you should dissect the work, breaking it into sections that can be examined and analyzed in details. Virtually all elements of a work reflect the choices made by the author on the basis of a rhetorical situation. Some elements are related to the style and they include sentence structure, tone, humor and points or ideas’ organization. Others relate to content and they include main ideas, thesis statement, conclusion, introduction, sources’ use, transitions’ use and counter-arguments’ acknowledgement.

A four steps guide on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay for college

  1. Start with a clear introduction

A clear introduction should be the first section of your rhetorical analysis essay. It should describe the work being analyzed while outlining the most vital arguments. However, the introduction should not include excess information. The introductory part allows you a chance to capture the interest of your readers. If you include all the information in the introduction, readers will not find a reason to continue reading the rest of the essay.

  1. Identify the analysis subject

The subject that you will be analyzing in the essay should be described in details. Provide important information regarding the subject. This is very important because it allows the audience to understand what you will be analyzing. For this to be possible, assess your subject properly. For instance, if you are writing your rhetorical analysis on a text, assess it from different angles including identifying its purpose, tone, goal, audience and value.

  1. Consider ethos, pathos and logos

Ethos, pathos and logos are the three classifications of rhetoric. Analyzing them is a major indication that you know how to write a rhetorical analysis essay.

  • Ethos assesses the credibility of the writer. While analyzing ethos, consider the evidence that the author uses how he/she uses different sources to verify it. At the end, provide a logical conclusion showing whether the writer has provided sufficient evidence to enhance his/her credibility.
  • Logos assesses logic. To analyze work from the logos angle, you should consider the presented argument to determine if it is logical. Ascertain whether there are adequate solid facts supporting the argument.
  • Pathos refers to the used emotional appeals. While analyzing pathos, assess the work’s emotional aspects. Evaluate the emotions that the text describes as well as the ones invoked by your analysis subject in your readers.

After analyzing these aspects separately determine the method or approach that the writer has used the most in accomplishing his or her goal and why. Explain your reasons for believing that the approach chosen by the author is effective or not on the basis of the rhetorical situation.

  1. Analyze the text style

To analyze text style, consider the following:

  • Imagery
  • Analogies
  • Repetition
  • Word choice

Analyze and explain how the author uses these tools in making his or her impression stronger to the audience. Your analysis should conclude with an opinion regarding their efficiency.

Consider rhetorical situations to write a good rhetorical analysis essay

A situation is what goes on in a background and it affects how a person interprets, understands or communicates- http://www.blinn.edu/brazos/humanities/writingcenter/handouts2/Rhetorical%20Analysis.pdf (follow the link for more information). For instance, when seeking assistance or advice from a friend, you have to explain your situation so that you can get relevant and helpful advice or assistance from that friend. Therefore, rhetorical situation refers to factors that affect rhetoric or persuasiveness of a text or argument.  Failure to consider the context within which you are writing your essay will hinder the ability of your essay to accomplish the goal that you set for it.

The four factors that are identified as rhetorical situations are:

  • Speaker: This is the author of the text. It is the character or the personality traits that the author wants to show to the audience.
  • Audience: This refers to the group that will read the text. The group can have its concerns, beliefs or agendas that may be considered by the writer.
  • Purpose: This is the goal of the text. It is what the writer intends to accomplish with the work. It can be to change the minds of people regarding an issue or to provoke their thoughts.
  • Message: This is a crystallized, clear statement that the author intends to make. It helps in guiding the actual writing of the author.

Mastering how to analyze these factors should be among the initial steps towards knowing how to write a rhetorical analysis essay for college because it enables you to determine how the writer uses them in accomplishing the purpose or goal of the work.

Writing a rhetorical analysis essay should now be easy

With this guide, writing a rhetorical analysis essay for college should not be difficult. You just need to understand what exactly this task requires you to do. In most cases, a rhetorical analysis essay prompt has two different tasks. It has an abstract task and a concrete task. The abstract part is difficult intellectually but it is basically the purpose that the author accomplishes while the concrete part refers to the rhetorical devices that the author uses to achieve that purpose- http://www.apluscollegeready.org/uploadedFiles/File/AP_Lang__rhetorical_analysis_CB_Conf.pdf (follow the link for more details).

Bonus tips on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay for college

  • Evaluate the work rather that the topic

If for instance the original work is about crime, evaluate how well its creator discusses this topic. Write about the work and not the topic that is addressed in the work.

  • Summarize the supporting evidence

Unless the assignment requires you to summarize the work, assume that readers are familiar with the original work. Include short summaries to support your analysis while avoiding describing or retelling what the author has said in the work.

  • Cover important topics only

Including all points of the original work makes your essay a summary rather than an analysis. Therefore, choose important topics only, focus on the chosen topics and provide their detailed analysis.

  • Do not use “I”

Use of “I” draws attention to you as the rhetorical analysis essay writer while taking focus from the work under analysis. If your decision is that the author has effectively accomplished his/her purpose using certain rhetorical strategies, focus on them without using any “I” statement.

  • Have a distinct voice

Your analysis should have the voice of the author of the original work and your voice. You can distinguish your voice from that of the author by using phrases like “according to the author” or “the paper states that” while referring to the opinions of the original work’s author.

  • Use a sample rhetorical analysis essay

A good example of a rhetorical analysis essay for college will give you ideas on how to structure your essay. You can download a rhetorical analysis essay example here; http://owl.excelsior.edu/posts/view/561.

We can help you with a rhetorical analysis essay for college

In case you encounter difficulties while writing a rhetorical analysis essay for college, talk to us for assistance. You can also visit the homepage of our website for additional information regarding our writing services. Alternatively, keep reading for more guidelines on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay for college on essaysexperts.net

 

 

 

 

 

Sources

http://www.apluscollegeready.org/uploadedFiles/File/AP_Lang__rhetorical_analysis_CB_Conf.pdf

http://owl.excelsior.edu/posts/view/56

http://www.blinn.edu/brazos/humanities/writingcenter/handouts2/Rhetorical%20Analysis.pdf

http://writingcenter.tamu.edu/Students/Handouts-Guides/Guides-(What-Are-You-Writing-)/Academic-Writing/Analysis/Rhetorical-Analysis

 

 

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how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial

Rhetorical analysis

Rhetorical analysis

A rhetorical analysis is an explanation of how a writer, author or speaker influences his or her audience by changing their mind toward a particular topic or issue. A successful rhetorical analysis depicts a deeper understanding of the techniques a rhetorician uses to make his point. You can write rhetorical analysis for a text, speech, painting, movie or commercial. Commercials largely use rhetorical appeals to woo potential buyers or consumers of certain products and services. When analyzing an advert, the principle is the same; understand the rhetorical tools. To find more on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial, continue reading this guide.

Leads on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial

Commercials are all over the place. They dominate every media channel, whether TV, radio or in print, making it impossible for media consumers to escape them. As a lucrative source of revenue for media houses, advertisers are always working hard to outshine each other with creative and more appealing commercials to command consumer acceptance in the market.

A successful commercial has a target audience – i.e. it targets a segment of consumers likely to buy or use a particular service or product. This is important because products serve individual customers.

Designers of commercials work hard to establish what the public wants to meet existing needs. However, the biggest challenge is in packaging a commercial that will have a desired impact in the market.

On your part, as you write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial, you will endeavor to find out these techniques and bring out their effectiveness in wooing consumers. This may sound pretty complex and unbearable. Yes it is. However, with these tips on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial, you will soon find similar assignments to be a walkover.

How a good rhetorical analysis for a commercial looks like

Your rhetorical analysis should focus on the tactics, which the designer of the advert uses to support or advance his argument in winning potential buyers.  To achieve this, build your analysis around the rhetorical triangle. This is an illustration of how the author, audience and subject matter interact.

Author – this is the creator of the commercial or the company advertising a particular product. Commercial authors could be individuals or a group of people or a corporation. Always state the advertiser to develop a coherent and credible rhetorical analysis.

Audience – These are the people the advertiser targets while making the commercial. In most cases, they are users of the product, buyers or potential users and buyers. Ensure that you identify the various groups that the ad targets as you do your analysis.

Subject – What is the commercial advertising? Bring out the message of the advertiser, including the product or service in the advert. Also, say how the author makes his point through the advert. Does the commercial reveal any advantages of the product? How does the author appeal to the personal watching, reading or listening to the commercial? Does he talk about competitors?

Once you master these three elements, your task becomes lighter because they form the basis of analyzing commercials rhetorically. However, this is not enough; the following section will give you more hints on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial.

The truth about rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial plus how to do yours

Commercials inform every aspect of our lives. They dominate the media. Even when you switch off your TV, radio or stop buying newspapers, billboards color every street, company logos flush all over, adverts infiltrate music and oftentimes, we find ourselves analyzing how that ad is stupid or quite appealing.

When you are writing a rhetorical analysis for an advert, you must engage critical thinking to understand the author’s message.  Remember that adverts are not always the genuine means of making a purchase. Today, advertisers use a lot of rhetoric in commercials that it has become an art, with its own language and effective persuasion.

Here are some questions to ask yourself as you do a rhetorical analysis on a commercial:

  1. Who appears in the commercial? – Reveal the identities of people featuring in the advert. Are they celebrities or unknown images? How do the other people in the ad express themselves?
  2. What is the setting of the commercial and what does this say about the message?
  • Who is the target audience for this commercial?
  1. How does the advertiser use language and commercials?

With the above discussion on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial, let us consider an example.

Example: Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Dove’s Commercial

A good example to drive the point of rhetorical analysis in commercials is Dove’s ad in the Real Beauty campaign.  The writer says:

“The video starts with a woman with no makeup and with unkempt hair. Later in the film, more people join the scene and begin to work on the woman’s hair…

Everyone is happy with the woman. She goes for a photo shoot and her photo edited. Here, we see how companies alter the appearance of models to win the audience…

The main strategy of Dove Company is compare and contrast. They message is also more vivid through the film…Dove uses pathos by listening to their buyers…”

Adapted from http://courses.rhetorike.org/sherrill2/system/files/Rhetorical%20Analysis%20of%20a%20Digital%20Artifact.pdf

From this excerpt, the writer contextualizes the commercial and proceeds with rhetorical analysis, revealing how Dove Company uses various strategies to appeal to its target audience. You too can do a rhetorical analysis of that commercial that always comes on your screens every evening before news. You do not need any magic; simply follow this guide.

Introduction Part: How to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial

Like when writing any essay, your rhetorical analysis must have a catchy introduction to hold the attention of your readers. Start with something interesting, which will leave the audience longing to read the rest of the paper.

As part of the guidelines on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial, this section will help you discover how to piece together an appealing introduction paragraph for your essay.

What to say in your intro:

Identify the context of the commercial. The reader wants to know more about the advert. For example, is it seasonal? When does it run on TV or radio? Is it a new commercial in the media? To this, you may also find out why the company is running the advert. Is it countering its competitors or introducing a new product in the market? This will form a good basis for your rhetorical analysis.

Where does the commercial appear? In your intro, state which media carries the advert. If it is TV, bring out the exact time it runs. In print, indentify the type of publication e.g. fashion magazine, daily newspaper or a company newsletter. Also, find out how the same commercial is done in different languages, especially for multinationals. This will help you to know the company’s target audience.

Restate the claim– Bring out the assumptions, which the advertiser is making in the commercial. What are the implied shared assumptions? For example, a commercial promoting smooth skin assumes that wrinkles are undesirable and signs for aging. Also, remember to state your thesis statement as you move to the body of your essay.

How to craft the body of your rhetorical analysis essay

This section carries the weight of your analysis. Focus on the strategies or the appeals, which the advertiser uses in the commercial to influence the target audience. While every part of this guide is important, understanding ethos, pathos and logos forms the basis of how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial.

Pathos, logos and ethos work together in commercials. However, pathos, which is the appeal to our emotions, is always strongest. Look at how an ad uses visual elements to evoke feelings. Common elements you should examine are pictures, color and design. A group of people smiling or looking healthy is appealing as the audience wants to in the same way. Show how the commercial appeals to reason.

Concluding your essay – As you conclude your essay, revisit the main ideas in the paper and the evidence you used to support your thesis statement. Give a call for action to challenge the reader to act after reading your essay.

This guide is a must have tool on how to write a rhetorical analysis essay on a commercial. It is all you need to enhance your rhetorical analysis writing. Hope you do well. Cheers!

 

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CONSULTED SOURCES:

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/32181.html

http://writingcommons.org/index.php/open-text/information-literacy/visual-literacy/ad-analysis

http://www.mscc.edu/WritingResources/Guidelines%20for%20Rhetorical%20Analysis.pdf

http://www.uwec.edu/Blugoldseminar/testout/upload/Sample-Rhetorical-Analysis.pdf

http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Rhetorical-Analysis

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/725/03/

www.classroom.synonym.com/rhetorical-essay-format-3629.html

 

 

 

 

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Essay sample on Essential Amino Acids

essential amino acids

Essential Amino Acids

Essential Amino Acids is also referred to as indispensable amino acids, essential amino acids refer to a class of amino acids that the body is unable to synthesize. These amino acids are thus, acquired from the diets that we eat. There are several kinds of essential amino acids including valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, tryptophan, lysine among others. It is important that these acids are included in the diet so that they can be received by the body for proper growth and development.

Even though they are much needed in the body, there are some types that do not necessarily have to be included in the diet like arginine, glycine, histidine, cysteine, proline, tyrosine, glutamine and serine. These types of essential amino acids are considered to be conditionally essential. The reason why they are not necessarily required to be in the diet is because they can have unpleasant impacts on some people. For instance, those who are suffering from PKU are required to only take low amounts of phenylalanine in order to avoid mental retardation.

Typically, the acids can be acquired from diets that contain meat, dairy products, cereal grains and legumes. Besides, there are also quite a number of indigenous foods that can be consumed for the essential amino acids like Mexican corn, Japanese rice, Cajun red beans, and soybeans among others. Deficiency in even just one of the nine essential amino acids can have serious health implications and also degrade the body’s protein levels. The body can be forced to dismantle protein structures and even the muscles in order to obtain the required nutrient.

The reason why humans are unable to internally produce essential amino acids is because we lack all the enzymes that are required for their biosynthesis. It should be noted that of all the essential amino acids, there is one that is only required by children. Arginine is the essential amino acid that is not needed by adults. It is obtained from proteins and works by producing creatine that is ideal for development and growth in children.

Obtaining all of the essential amino acids that is needed in the daily diet requires that one meets their daily protein recommendation. Normally, a person is required to take an estimated 50 to 175 grams of protein every day. Even though essential amino acids can mostly be obtained from animal products, a combination of plant-based diets can also provide the nutrients. To those who may not be able to take certain animal and plant-based diets due to allergies or other reasons, it is advisable that you obtain over-the counter supplements of essential amino acids.

If you are buying essential amino acids supplements, you should always check the label to ensure that the product can provide all the nine. Besides, it is also advisable to talk to your nutritionist or doctor before starting on the supplementation program.

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Reference:

http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/need-eat-essential-amino-acids-day-3113.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/essam.html

 

 

 

 

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Sample Admission Essay on Cyber Law in Saudi Arabia

Cyber Law

Cyber Law in Saudi Arabia

Cybercrime refers to an illegal act that criminals carry out using computers and the internet via web defacement, hacking, fraud, scams, copyright infringement, as well as service denial attacks. Cyber laws in the Middle East face different types of cybercrimes that include hackers, computer viruses, cyber stalking, phishing, information ware, identity theft and malware among others (Saad 1). Paul Dwyer notes that the main targets of cybercrimes in the Middle East are large financial companies and organizations. This is because criminals achieve great financial gains and prestige, pride and accolades for attacking such organizations. Organizations that lack skills and internal structures for curbing cybercrimes experience great losses. This is usually the case when internal attacks occur combined with the company’s mails phishing (Paul 1).

In the list of the countries that have high vulnerability for cybercrimes, Saudi Arabia tops the list with the United Arab Emirates following it. In Dubai, police officers acknowledge that innovation, revolution as well as advancement in technology combined with population increase and diversity of the educated persons are among the causes of increased cybercrime. More than 700 incidents of computer crash are reported within Saudi Arabia within duration of 9 months. These are usually attributed to the attempts of hackers to get data or valuable information illegally more so credit cards’ details. For instance, in Saudi Arabia some individuals who citizens suspected to be religious cleric’s supporters hacked a newspaper (Paul 5).

On the basis of these statistics, laws and regulations that are aimed at curbing cybercrime were approved by the government of this country. The Bureau of Experts Council of Ministers in the government of Saudi Arabia issued the Anti-Cyber Crime Law. The Royal Decree approved this law later under the Act that the Communication and Information Technology Commission officially published. Cybercrimes are also called electronic crimes and they are global challenges and issues. Over the past years, these crimes have increased in the Middle East. According to Paul, the increase can be attributed to several factors that include increase in the population of this area as well as lack of security awareness and regulations.

Law enforcers do not have the right training on how to fight cyber crimes. People can also access technologies with ease and this has led to sophisticated attacks. The educated population is also diverse. Additionally, there has been an increase in social networks most of which are unsecure. Consequently, terrorists and criminals are using them with eased to find paths that lead to financial organizations making it easy for them to steal financial valuables, data, identities and passwords. Terrorists are consequently using the finances and identities that they steal in committing terrorist attacks. The United States is the main target of terrorists (5).

For successful execution of terrorist attacks, some internet infrastructures are required. They include a line of communication that can be accessed with ease via social networks that are unsecure, a weapon that is usually acquired by internet service denial, recruitment, propaganda that is carried out through the internet, and fundraising, psychological welfare as well as coordinated activities. Modern technology facilitates all these (Paul 6).

Due to technological advancement, there has been an increase in the production of highly sophisticated tablets, iPads and mobile phones within Saudi Arabia. These and other equipment make it easier for terrorists to successfully coordinate and execute terrorist attacks. For instance, Al Qaeda uses modern techniques and technological machines that include steganography to pass hidden messages in form of simple images on the public and open websites to organize attacks. The Saudi Arabian authorities acknowledge that the internet has been used to learn how bombs are built and constructed and how attacks are coordinated. Suicide bombers also called the Jihadists use cyberspace with advanced technology to enhance encryption. On the basis of these facts, the government of Saudi Arabia acknowledges that criminals commit cybercrimes with a desire and the will to hurt the innocent citizens. Professional and experienced terrorists are a serious challenge since they employ advanced technologies in their operations (Paul 8).

The Saudi Arabia cyber laws are under Anti-Cyber Crime Law that published different articles that address specific cyberspace issues. The article 2 of this law aims at combating cybercrimes by identifying criminal activities to make determining the applicable punishments possible. Via this article, the aim of cyber law is to enhance security of information while protecting the rights of legitimate information networks and computer users, public interest, morals, national economies and values in the country (Royal 5).

In article 3, the law asserts that a person found guilty or caught committing any cybercrime should be jailed for a term that does not exceed one year. The individual should also be fined an amount that is not more than 500,000 riyals. Nevertheless, the law allows the authorities to subject cyber criminals to a fine and a jail term. Going by this article, the aim of the cyber law is to offer protection to people from spying, unlawful access of computers for blackmailing and threat purposes, illegal website access via hacking, destruction and/or modifications, invasion of the privacy of another person through camera equipment and mobile phones access and defamation through the use of modern technology devices (KSA 3).

In article 4, the law further asserts that cyber criminals should undergo imprisonment that exceeds 3 years. A fine of less than 2 million riyals and the aforementioned imprisonment can also be applied if the following cybercrimes are committed: stealing bonds and/or property via fraud or by using false identity while appending a signature as well as accessing the bank account of a person or credit data with an aim of stealing data, securities, information, funds and/or services rendered. As such, Saudi Arabia has various cyber laws that aim at curbing cyber crimes within this country while ensuring the safety of the public (KSA 4).

On the basis of the articles of the cyber laws, it is apparent that Saudi Arabia experiences different types of cyber crimes. These include occupying and/or copying website’s URL, website distortion, stealing information of or credit cards in order to access the bank data of another person via false identity or fraud, hacking and using the cyberspace in coordinating domestic or international terrorist attacks (Saad 1). Norton Symantec came up with a report on cybercrime in 2012 that touches on 24 countries that include Saudi Arabia. The report listed different types of cyber crimes including consumer cybercrime, password infringement and security as well as illegal access via technological devices.

This report indicated that over 1.5 million citizens of these countries become victims of different types of cybercrimes on daily basis. They lose more than 100 billion dollars within a year. Modern and traditional cybercrimes are a threat to consumers. Most of them do not know different risks that include the possibility of email password loss to cyberspace criminals (Marco 141).

According to this report, two out of three people access different sites on the internet using mobile phones. The Image 2crimes that were committed in 2011 via mobile phones were doubled. Some users were sent text messages by anonymous individuals who requested them to visit embedded links. Others were requested to dial anonymous numbers in order to listen to voice messages (Adam and Marian 4). More than 30 percent of the population has lost mobile phones or they have been stolen. Most people claim that their devices are not secured. Since the implementation of cyber laws, more people now use Wi-Fi connections via mobile phones to access emails and they are concerned about their security as well as that of their personal data. As such, people are keen to use secured Wi-Fi. Most people use secure Wi-Fi connections in accessing social networks, emails, bank accounts and even shopping online. These activities usually involve private and highly sensitive data (Adam and Marian 9).

A Price Water House Coopers (PWC) survey on cybercrime also indicated that more individuals now know about cybercrimes that in the past 10 years. CEOs, HR managers as well as organizational staffs now pay more attention to cyber security. Experts attribute this to the formulation and implementation of the cyber laws and after cyber crimes were defined by different authoritative bodies and agents which also highlighted different ways through which people become vulnerable to cyber crimes (PWC 28).

Systems, strategies and expert groups that focus on fighting crimes that include cybercrimes were established by the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission under the guidelines of the General Assembly. As such, the legal measures that have been employed in the fight against cyber crimes and the vital role that they have played in the prevention and handling of the illegal acts of criminals over the cyberspace are acknowledged by the United Nations (UN 20).

The Saudi Arabian agents are responsible for ensuring that the country’s cyber laws are implemented fully so as to combat and to prevent cybercrimes. Among these agents is the United Arabs Emirates Cyber Crime group that is headquartered in Abu Dhabi. This group ensures full implementation of the Federal Law, the UAE Cyber Crime Law under the leadership of Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the president. This law relates to the protection of credit cards, bank accounts and internet materials’ information as well as other printed information, data and material that may be used in committing fraud (Marco 141).

Under the Penal Code of UAE, there are tougher penalties for individuals who commit cybercrimes. This is due to the fact that the Penal Code includes eavesdropping of private conversations, information and data that is sent via the internet, intervening messages, high-tech systems and electronic devices in cybercrimes. The terms of punishment for these cybercrimes and terrorists’ information publication as a way of communicating with leaders as well as promoting illegal ideologies and/or making explosives and bombs attract the jail term that the law dictates (Marco 14).

In terms of defining cybercrimes as well as listing different types of cybercrimes and how to combat them, the Computer Emergency Response Team played a very significant role. The Federal Protective Service (FPS), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) and the U.S Customs Service (USCS) which are all found in the US have participated in highlighting challenges and issues that relate to cybercrimes. Different countries including Saudi Arabia have known about cybercrimes and the risks that they pose to the entire country and to the citizens through these agencies.

Although sexual crimes that result from cyberspace issues have not been documented properly, it ought to be noted that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States listed sexual exploitation more so among the young children as an act that should raise concern in relation to cybercrimes. According to the FBI, there are programs and initiatives that use websites in targeting young children and exploiting them sexually later. These programs and initiatives can be by organizations or individuals and their aim is to enhance child pornography on commercial basis. They produce, create, publish and distribute pornographic materials that include children via websites, social network sites and other online platforms. In Saudi Arabia, cyber laws are implemented for purposes of avoiding these cases in a country that is religious and one that does not allow sexual abuse and child exploitation (USDoJ 14).

Conclusion

On the basis of the data that is available in the sources where the information for writing this article was retrieved, the implementation of cyber law is aimed at preventing and combating computer crimes in Saudi Arabia which are happening all over the world. Cyber crimes are illegal activities that criminals commit using internet connectivity and computers. This implies that Asia, the United States, and the United Kingdom as well as other countries are facing the same challenges. In terms of Saudi Arabia, the implemented cyber laws are important because the government realized that terrorist attacks are coordinated using the internet. These attacks have led to loss of many lives, valuables, properties, morals as well as trust among the citizens of the affected countries.

With an increase in the use of information technology, email abuse, service denial attacks, virus attacks, unauthorized access and data theft have also increased. As such, it was highly important for countries with increasing cases of cyber crimes such as Saudi Arabia to formulate cyber laws, gazette and also implement them so that they can combat, prevent and also eliminate cyber crimes.

 

Works Cited

Adam, Palmer and Marian Merritt. 2012 Norton Cyber-Crime Report, A Report by the Norton Symantec, 2012.

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).  ICE Investigations: Missions Roles in Multi Agency Areas of Responsibility, U.S Immigration and Customs Enforcement Report, 2007.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Anti-Cyber Crime Law, Bureau of Experts Council of Ministers Official Department Saudi Laws, 2007.

Marco, Gercke. Understanding Cybercrime: Phenomena, Challenges and Legal Responses, Telecommunication Development Bureau Report, 2012.

Paul, Dwyer. Cyber Crime in the Middle East, Security GRC & Cyber Crime Report, 2010.

Price Water House Coopers (PWC). Cybercrime: Protecting Against the Growing Threat, Global Economic Crime Survey, 2011.

Royal, Decree. Electronic Transactions Law, A Royal Decree Report No. (M/8), 2007.

Saad, Shwailah. Campaign Crimes and Abuse, Computer Engineering Department Saudi Arabia Report, 2008.

U.S Department of Justice (USDoJ). The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Efforts to Combat Crimes against Children, U.S Department of Justice Audit Report, 2009.  

United Nations (UN). Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Report, 2013.

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