Sample Essay on Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings took place on 14th October 1066. It was a battle between the English Army led by Anglo-Saxon King Harold II and the Norman-French Army led by Duke William II of the Normandy. This battle was fought during the conquest of Norman of England. The battle was fought about 7 miles or 11 kilometers north-western side of the Hastings. This is close to the modern day town of the Battle, East Sussex. The battle of Hastings acted as the decisive battle for the victory of the Norman.
The battle of Hastings dates back to the death of Edward the Confessor who was a childless kind in the January of 1066. This led to a struggle for succession between different claimants of his throne. Shortly after the death of Edward, Harold was declared the King and crowned but he faced invasions from William, the King of Norwegian Herald Hardrada and his brother Tostig.
Hardrada was the third Harold of Norway. Tostig and Hardrada defeated the Englishme of the army that was 
gathered hastily in the Fulford battle on 20th September 1066. However, Harold defeated them in turn at the Stamford Bridge battle after five days.
Hardrada and Tostig died at the Stamford battle leaving William as the only and serious opponent of Harold. William launched his invasion forces in Southern part of England at the Pensey on 28th September 1066 while Harold and the forces were resting and recovering from the battle of Stamford. This enabled William to establish beachhead for conquest of Harold’s kingdom.
The number of the forces that were present in the battle is still not known. However, it is estimated that about 10,000 from the William’s side and 7,000 from the Harold side were involved in the battle. Similarly, the composition of the forces in the battle of Hastings is still unknown. However, the army of the English was almost composed of infantry with only few archers while only a few of the invading forces were infantry, about half of them. The rest were split equally between archers and Cavalry.
Harold had tried surprising William. However, his army is reported to have been found by the scouts who reported it to William. William marched with his forces from the Hastings to the fields of battle where they confronted Harold. This battle started at around 9 am and it was fought until dusk. Early efforts by the invaders to break through the battle lines of bore no fruits.
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Sources
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-battle-of-hastings
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Sample Essay on Battle of Gettysburg
Battle of Gettysburg
The battle of Gettysburg took place in Pennsylvania from 1st July to 3rd July 1863. It is considered as the largest battle that took place during Civil War in America. It is also the largest battle that has ever been fought in the Northern America. The battle involved about 85,000 men in the Army Union of Potomac that was under General George Gordon Meade. They were fighting against around 75,000 troops of the Army of the Confederation of Northern Virginia under General Robert Edward Lee.
The total number of casualties from the battle of Gettysburg totaled to 23,049 on the Union’s side. 3,155 died, 14,529 were wounded and 5,365 went missing. In the confederate side there were 28,063 casualties. 3,903 died, 18,735 were injured and 5,425 went missing. Over one third of the Army from the confederate army led by Lee died.
The huge irreplaceable losses that the largest army in the south suffered combined with the surrender of Vicksburg surrender of the confederate army in Mississippi on 4th July marked what is considered by most historian as the turning point of the American Civil War. However, conflict continued for almost two years and several other battles were witnessed later including Spotsylvania, Chickamauga, Nashville and Mononacy among others.
Following his success in Chancellorsville in May 1963 in Virginia, Lee led the army via Shenandoah Valley to start his second invasion in the North. This was known as the Gettysburg campaign. Lee had a high spirited army and he intended to shift focus of summer campaign from North Virginia that was ravaged by war to influencing politicians in the North to give up war prosecution by penetrating Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and even Philadelphia. General Joseph Hooker was prodded by Abraham Lincoln, the president to move his troops but Meade replaced him just three days to the battle.
The first collision was on 1st July 1863 at Gettysburg after which Lee concentrated his army there urgently. His aim was to engage the army of the Union destroying it completely. The Calvary division of the Union defeated low ridges in the northwestern side of the town. These reinforced the Union Infantry afterwards. However, confederate corps attached them in the North and northwestern side which led to the collapse of the Union lines that were developed hastily. This sent the defending group retreating via the streets in the town towards the hills towards the south.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg
- Published in Academic Writing
Sample Essay on the fall of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The fall of the Soviet Union can be attributed to the Cold War. However, the collapse of Soviet Union was a gradual process that took almost half of the century. In around 1945 when the Second World War ended, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a war that entailed fear and threats.
At that time, Cold War was a major concern in the international affairs. From the opponents of communism perspective, the purpose of Cold War was to ensure that communism was contained and that nuclear conflict was avoided. However, Soviet Union was determined to spread communism across the world including in the United States.
Both the United States and the Soviet Union disagreed over economic, cultural and political differences. In the United States, construction of retaliatory weapons started in preparation of the possibility of the need to use weapons. These weapons were known as the Strategic Triad. They included submarines, land based missiles and long-range bombers. This marked the start of nuclear arms race.
The governments of the two sides stockpiled more nuclear weapons to ensure that their governments are in line. Fortunately, nuclear was did not take place. This can be attributed largely to scare tactics embraced in the cold war. However, both the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in space race in the 1950s.
Both the Soviet Union and the United States wanted to beat the other in the space race for various reasons. The major reason was that their military and defense capabilities were to benefit from the establishment of a successful program of the space. The rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States was every intensifying which fueled the space race further.
However, 4 October 1957 marked a win for the Soviet Union because it launched a satellite Sputnik in the orbit. Nevertheless, the United States became the first country to land successfully on the moon.
Tension between the two sides continued with nuclear arms race and the space race being the major fields of competition. Over the years, crisis related to the cold war emerged including the Vietnam and the Korean wars as well as the Cuban Missile crisis. The economy of the Soviet Union became stagnant due to continued support of arms race.
However, Mikhail Gorbachev became a change advocate when he was appointed as the president of Communist Party. He started working with the United States’ president Ronald Reagan improving the relations between the two countries.
In 1989, the U.S president George W. Bush and Gorbachev declared the end of Cold War which marked the end of Berlin Wall and Communism end in the East Germany. In December 1989, communist governments in Romania, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia fell and the Soviet Union ended in 1991 when it split into different republics.
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Sources
http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet_union.asp
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/collapse-soviet-union
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Sample Essay on the Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban missile crisis refers to a dangerous and direct confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the era of the Cold War. This crisis marked the closes moment during which the two countries were almost engaging in a nuclear conflict. This crisis has been considered unique by most analysts for various reasons.
It featured miscommunications, secret and direct communications between the two countries. Its main characteristic was that it was played out primarily in the Kremlin and White House level with little input from respective bureaucracies’ involvement in the foreign policies of the two countries.
After a failed attempt by the United States to overthrow the Cuba regime of Fidel Castro through the invasion of the Bay of Pigs as well as the planned Operation Mongoose by the Kennedy administration in July 1962, the premier of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev reached an agreement secretly with Fidel Castro, the premier of Cuba to place nuclear missiles of the Soviet Union in Cuba. The missiles were aimed at deterring any possible invasion attempt in the future.
Late in the summer, construction of missile sites started in Cuba but the intelligence of the United States discovered that there was evidence of the Soviet Union arms being built in Cuba. These included the IL-28 Soviet Union bombers. The discovery was made during the regular surveillance flights.
On 4th September 1962, the U.S president Kennedy warned against the public that offensive weapons are being introduced in Cuba. On 4th October, the U-2 aircraft of the United States took pictures that clearly shown the sites of intermediate range and medium range ballistic nuclear weapons or missiles as well as IRBMs that were being constructed in Cuba. The images were presented to White House after processing in the following day. This precipitated the start of the Cuban missile crisis.
President Kennedy called his advisers so that they consider the right action to take and the available options. The aim of summoning the advisers was to resolve this crisis. Among the advisers involved were the Joint Chiefs of Staff who argued that an air strike would destroy these missiles and then followed by Cuba invasion by the U.S. however, there were advisers who suggested issuance of a stern warning to the Soviet Union and Cuba.
The president ordered a naval quarantine in Cuba on 22nd October. This quarantine distinguished the move from blockade legally. It also enabled the U.S to get support from the American states organization. Kennedy also sent Khrushchev a letter in the same day declaring that the U.S would not allow delivery of offensive weapons in Cuba. He demanded that the missile bases under construction or already constructed in Cuba to be dismantled. Nevertheless the crisis continued with the response from the Soviet Union and at some point it reached virtual stalemate.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_missile_crisis
http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis
- Published in Sample Papers Online
Sample Essay on Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic revolution is also called the Neolithic Demographic Transition. There are also people who called it the Agricultural Revolution. It refers to the first verifiable revolution in history of Agriculture. The revolution was wide scale involving different human cultures from the hunting and gathering lifestyle to settlement and agriculture which supported the increasing population.
There is archaeological data that shows that domestication of different animals and plants evolved at different locations across the world. The starting point of these domestications is indicated by the data to have been the geological epoch in Holocene at around 12,000 years ago.
Nevertheless, Neolithic Revolution entailed more than adoption of limited techniques in producing food. In the following millennia, the revolution transformed the mobile and small groups of people who were initially hunters and gathers who had until that time dominated the human history into the sedentary societies that were based in the built-up towns and villages.
The sedentary societies modified the natural environment that they were used to radically through specialized cultivation of food crops. They engaged in activities like deforestation and irrigation in the production of food. Different technologies that included food storage were employed by these societies which enhanced food production while making surplus food available.
Developments brought about by Neolithic revolution provided a basis for increased population and more
settlements. Specialization as well as trading economies and divisions of labor all started with the Neolithic revolution. Non-portable art development and architecture, political structures, centralized administrations, depersonalized knowledge systems such as writing and hierarchical ideologies as well as private ownership of property all have their basis on Neolithic revolution.
The first and full-blown Neolithic complex manifestation is seen in the cities of the Middle Eastern Sumerian. The emergence of these cities marks the end of prehistoric Neolithic era. Relationship of the Neolithic characteristics and the onset of agricultural activities, sequence of their emergence and the empirical relations in different Neolithic sites is still a subject of research and academic debates. The characteristics also seem to differ in different places instead of being the result of the universal social evolution laws.
Before Neolithic revolution, people lived with their extended families in a nomad life without staying at one place for more than few months. People always lived in temporary shelters and searching for food through hunting and gathering. Before Neolithic revolution people never owned anything because they could easily pack and leave where they were living any time. Neolithic revolution marked the end of this and the start of a settled way of life.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/change/neo.cfm
http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/the-neolithic-revolution.html
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Sample Essay on Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project refers to a research project by the government of the United States that led to the production of atomic bombs for the first time. The United States’ government engaged in this project between 1942 and 1945. Scientists in America, most of who were refugees from the fascist regimes of Europe initiated the project in 1939 with an aim of organizing a project that would lead to the exploitation of the fission process that had just been recognized.
The project was to benefit the military operations. G.B Pegram from Columbia University made the first contact to the government by arranging a conference between the Navy Department and the Enrico Fermi in March 1939.
Fellow scientists of Albert Einstein persuaded him to present the potential that chain reaction of uncontrolled fission had on military operations to Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the U.S. In February of 1940, the government availed $6,000 to the project that was to be supervised by a committee led by L.J Briggs who was the National Bureau of Standards director.
The Manhattan Project was later on 6th December 1941 put under Vennevar Bush who was the Office of Research and Development’s director. Following the entry of the U.S into the war, the project was put under the War Department since mid-1942.
It is obvious that a wide range of laboratories, pilot plants and other manufacturing facilities were constructed by the United States at this time. Engineers of Army Corps Manhattan District were at first assigned the task of managing construction work in 1942. In September 1942, Leslie R. Groves, who was a Brigadier General, was put in charge of Army activities that related to Manhattan Project. The project was known for a wide range of research work that took place in different parts of the United States.
In 1940, it was established that scientists in Germany were also working on a project similar to Manhattan Project. The British also explored the problem. Towards the end of 1941, Pegram and Harold C. Urely visited England trying to establish cooperative efforts. By 1943, Canada and Great Britain established a policy for combined committee.
Several scientists from Britain moved to United States in the same year joining the Manhattan Project. Several materials were availed to the project including Uranium-235. Different methods and materials were explored and used by the scientists in an effort to produce atomic bombs. The first atomic bomb was tested on 16th July 1945 at the Trinity Site near Alamogordo, New Mexico.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362098/Manhattan-Project
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Sample Essay on Magna Carta
Magna Carta
Magna Carta is a Latin word for Great Charter. It is also known as the Magna Carta Libertatum. It refers to an Angevin charter that was issued in Latin originally. King John sealed the charter under oath at Runnymede on River Thames’ bank near Windsor on 15th June 1215 in England.
Magna Carta was a first document that a group of the subjects of King of England imposed upon him. This group was made of the feudal barons and they imposed the document upon their king as an attempt to reduce his powers using a law and to protect their rights.
This charter is popularly known across the English speaking countries as one of the most important aspects of protracted process in history that led to the introduction of constitutional law ruling in England and other parts of the world. According to Magna Carta, King John was to proclaim some liberties as well as accept his will as the king was not always arbitrary.
For instance, through explicit acceptance that freemen could not be punished but only via the law of the land, which is a right existing even today in the English law, King John accepted that his will as the king was not always arbitrary. The council of Anglo-Saxon Kings was also held at Runnymede on several occasions in between 7th century and 11th century. This was during Alfred the Great reign. This council often met in open air.
The succeeding council versions influenced creation of the 13th century parliament of England. The most likely location and time when King John sealed Magna Carta are Water-meadow at Runnymede and 15th June 1215 respectively. This location remains the site of Magna Carta Memorial. There is also a possibility that the opposite bank if River Thames, the Magna Carta Island was the location where the charter was sealed. Nevertheless, the charter indicates that Runnymede is the site.
The common constitutional law was influenced by Magna Carta. The charter also influenced political representation as well as establishment of the England’s parliament. The association of the charter with democracy ideals, freedom and equality as well as power limitation under law has drawn attraction and placement of commemorative symbols and monuments at Runnymede.
The charter was directly influenced and preceded by Charter of Liberties of 1100. In this charter, King Henry I specified certain areas in which his powers could be limited. Additionally, Magna Carta played a significant role in America’s colonization because the legal system of England was used in developing legal systems of most colonies.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta
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Sample Essay on Battle of the Bulge
Battle of the bulge was fought during the winter of 1944 and 1945. It marked the last major attempt by the Nazi Germany to attack and defeat the Allies during the Second World War. It is considered by many historians as the last ditch attempt that Hitler made to split the Allied forces into two as they move towards Germany. Hitler wanted to destroy the ability of the Allies to be self-supplied.
This battle started on 16th December 1944. While starting the battle, Hitler convinced himself that America, France and Britain did not have a strong alliance in the Western part of Europe. He convinced himself that by launching a major attack that would lead to the defeat of the allies he would break this alliance.
As such, as he ordered his army to pursue a massive attack he focused primarily on the American forces. This attack was called the Ardennes Offensive. However, since the initial attack made by the German led to a bulge in the frontline of the Allied forces, it came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge.
The plan of Hitler was to start a massive attack against the allies via three armies so as to destabilize the accord and take the Antwerp port through which the allies were getting great supplies.
Hitler planned that Sepp Dietrich would lead the Sixth Panzer Army in attacking and capturing Antwerp. Manteuffel would lead the Fifth Panzer Army in attacking the American forces’ center and capture their strategic rail center of the St Vith and strategic roads and drive them towards the Brussels. Brandenberger was to lead the Seventh Army in attacking the Southern Flank and create buffer zone that would prevent attack of the Fifth Panzer Army by the American reinforcements. Hitler wanted the Fifth Army to remain in reserve so that it can counter any attck by the allied forces.
According to Hitler, his armies could surround the First Army of Canada, Ninth and First Army of America and the Second Army of Britain and cut off Canada. This seemed as an absurd plan on paper considering that since D-Day Germany was in retreat. Germany Army had been depleted of sufficient supplies while facing the mighty Allies. However, as the commander in chief of the Army, Hitler decreed that this attack had to take place.
The battle began with Allies lines’ bombardment that took two hours and later followed by heavy armored attack in which the German experienced a great success at first that lasted for two days only.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_the_bulge.htm
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Sample Essay on Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Many historians consider the battle of Stalingrad as the turning point of the Second World War in Europe. This was a major battle in which the Nazi Germany and the allies fought to take control of the Stalingrad city with the Soviet Union. City of Stalingrad is now the Volgograd city located in the South-western side of the Soviet Union.
Battle of Stalingrad was marked by the close combat of close quarters and the disregard for civilian and military casualties. It is considered among the bloodiest battles of the entire warfare history. Wehrmacht inflicted heavy losses that make the battle of Stalingrad arguably a major strategically decisive conflict of the entire war.
Among the ironies of this battle is that the sixth army of Germany needed not to have been entangled in the Stalingrad city. Groups A and B of the army were on their way to Caucasus in the south-west Russia. This was when Hitler ordered them to attack Stalingrad.
Strategically, it would have not been a wise move to advance while leaving a major city unconquered in the rear. Nevertheless, there are historians who believe that the orders from Hitler were aimed at taking Stalingrad just because of its name. Hitler hated Joseph Stalin who the name was named after. On the other hand, Stalin ordered his army to save the city.
Battle of Stalingrad took place between 1942 and 1943. The commander of the Sixth Army of Germany, General Paulus helped by the army of Fourth Panzer advanced towards the city of Stalingrad in September 1942. The primary task of the general was to ensure that Caucasus oilfields are secure.
To achieve this, Paulus was required to take Stalingrad by Hitler. The final target of the German was to be Baku. In addition, Stalingrad was an important target because it was the communications center for Russia in the southern and a manufacturing center.
In the beginning of September in 1942, Germany army moved to Stalingrad. At the same time, the Russians had already been devastated by operations Barbarossa by Blitzkrieg. As such, they had to establish a stand because this city was given its name after their leader, Joseph Stalin.
As a result, their high morale could not allow the city of Stalingrad to be taken by the German army. In addition, the Russians could never allow the Germans to take over their oil fields in Caucasus. Stalin issued an order that required them never to make even a single step backwards.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_stalingrad.htm
http://listverse.com/2012/09/17/top-10-facts-about-the-battle-of-stalingrad/
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Sample Essay on Battle of Midway
Battle of Midway
Battle of midway was fought near and over the tiny mid-pacific base of the United States at the Midway atoll. It was among the most crucial naval battles fought during the Second World War. This battle was fought from 4th to 7th June 1942. It was only 6 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan. It was also fought a month after Battle of the Coral Sea.
The United States was able to defeat Japan in a battle that was considered as being the most decisive in the Second World War. The success of the United States was attributed greatly to its advances in breaking codes. This enabled the U.S to pre-empt as well as counter planned ambush by Japan.
This enabled the United States to ambush the aircraft carriers and inflict permanent damage on the navy of Japan. The most important aspect of the battle of midway is that it allowed the United States victory which enabled it and the allies to continue their offensive position. Engagement of fleet between the Japanese and the United States’ navies in north central area of the Pacific Ocean led to the desire by Japan to sink the aircraft carriers of the United States that escaped destruction during the Pearl Harbor attack.
The commander of the Japanese fleet, Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, opted to invade a relatively close target to the Pearl Harbor so that he can draw the American fleet out. His calculation was that by the time the United States start their counterattack, Japanese would be ready to crush and defeat them. However, a breakthrough of the codes used by the Japanese navy by the American intelligence enabled Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the commander of the Pacific fleet to know exactly what the Japanese navy was planning.
Nimitz places the available carriers of the United States in a position where they surprised the Japanese that were moving up in preparation to air strike in the Midway Island. Intelligence interplay proved critical in determining the results of the battle of midway. It started several weeks before the armed conflict.
Nets of the American radio picked orders from Yamamoto in the Pacific. This enabled the United States to know what the Japanese navy was planning to do as it prepare its forces. The intercepted messages revealed to the United States navy that an operation was forthcoming and position of the Japanese carriers in the day of the battle. This enabled Nimitz to make decisions and reconstruct a battle with considerable attention to details.
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Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/midway/midway.htm
- Published in college papers
Sample Essay on Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings took place on 14th October 1066. It was a battle between the English Army led by Anglo-Saxon King Harold II and the Norman-French Army led by Duke William II of the Normandy. This battle was fought during the conquest of Norman of England. The battle was fought about 7 miles or 11 kilometers north-western side of the Hastings. This is close to the modern day town of the Battle, East Sussex. The battle of Hastings acted as the decisive battle for the victory of the Norman.
The battle of Hastings dates back to the death of Edward the Confessor who was a childless kind in the January of 1066. This led to a struggle for succession between different claimants of his throne. Shortly after the death of Edward, Harold was declared the King and crowned but he faced invasions from William, the King of Norwegian Herald Hardrada and his brother Tostig.
Hardrada was the third Harold of Norway. Tostig and Hardrada defeated the Englishme of the army that was gathered hastily in the Fulford battle on 20th September 1066. However, Harold defeated them in turn at the Stamford Bridge battle after five days.
Hardrada and Tostig died at the Stamford battle leaving William as the only and serious opponent of Harold. William launched his invasion forces in Southern part of England at the Pensey on 28th September 1066 while Harold and the forces were resting and recovering from the battle of Stamford. This enabled William to establish beachhead for conquest of Harold’s kingdom.
The number of the forces that were present in the battle is still not known. However, it is estimated that about 10,000 from the William’s side and 7,000 from the Harold side were involved in the battle. Similarly, the composition of the forces in the battle of Hastings is still unknown. However, the army of the English was almost composed of infantry with only few archers while only a few of the invading forces were infantry, about half of them. The rest were split equally between archers and Cavalry.
Harold had tried surprising William. However, his army is reported to have been found by the scouts who reported it to William. William marched with his forces from the Hastings to the fields of battle where they confronted Harold. This battle started at around 9 am and it was fought until dusk. Early efforts by the invaders to break through the battle lines of bore no fruits.
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Sources
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-battle-of-hastings
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Sample Essay on Battle of Gettysburg
Battle of Gettysburg
The battle of Gettysburg took place in Pennsylvania from 1st July to 3rd July 1863. It is considered as the largest battle that took place during Civil War in America. It is also the largest battle that has ever been fought in the Northern America. The battle involved about 85,000 men in the Army Union of Potomac that was under General George Gordon Meade. They were fighting against around 75,000 troops of the Army of the Confederation of Northern Virginia under General Robert Edward Lee.
The total number of casualties from the battle of Gettysburg totaled to 23,049 on the Union’s side. 3,155 died, 14,529 were wounded and 5,365 went missing. In the confederate side there were 28,063 casualties. 3,903 died, 18,735 were injured and 5,425 went missing. Over one third of the Army from the confederate army led by Lee died.
The huge irreplaceable losses that the largest army in the south suffered combined with the surrender of Vicksburg surrender of the confederate army in Mississippi on 4th July marked what is considered by most historian as the turning point of the American Civil War. However, conflict continued for almost two years and several other battles were witnessed later including Spotsylvania, Chickamauga, Nashville and Mononacy among others.
Following his success in Chancellorsville in May 1963 in Virginia, Lee led the army via Shenandoah Valley to start his second invasion in the North. This was known as the Gettysburg campaign. Lee had a high spirited army and he intended to shift focus of summer campaign from North Virginia that was ravaged by war to influencing politicians in the North to give up war prosecution by penetrating Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and even Philadelphia. General Joseph Hooker was prodded by Abraham Lincoln, the president to move his troops but Meade replaced him just three days to the battle.
The first collision was on 1st July 1863 at Gettysburg after which Lee concentrated his army there urgently. His aim was to engage the army of the Union destroying it completely. The Calvary division of the Union defeated low ridges in the northwestern side of the town. These reinforced the Union Infantry afterwards. However, confederate corps attached them in the North and northwestern side which led to the collapse of the Union lines that were developed hastily. This sent the defending group retreating via the streets in the town towards the hills towards the south.
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Sample Essay on Vital Capacity
Vital Capacity
Vital capacity is a phrase that is used to define the maximum amount of air that an individual is capable of expelling from his or her lungs after maximum inhalation. This capacity is equivalent to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and the tidal volume. In order to measure a person’s vital capacity, a regular or wt spirometer can be used. The main reason why it is always important to measure a person’s vital capacity is to assist in determining whether he or she may be suffering from an underlying lung disease.
Irrespective of an individual, it should be noted that the normal vital capacity of an adult should be between 3 to 5L. However, there are slight variations that can be experienced in the vital capacity of each individual. This is usually based on sex, height, weight, age and even ethnicity. A person who has a low vital capacity is usually as a result of obesity, disability or even a chronic respiratory disease. In such people, the vital capacity can be increased.
The most ideal avenue towards increasing vital capacity is through exercise. The reason why performing workouts is an ideal way of increasing vital capacity is because since the muscles require additional nutrients in the process of exercise, the lungs will take in more oxygen. Besides, they will need to expand further in order to take in extra oxygen compared to when the body is at rest. When exercises are conducted consistently, a person is also able to enhance the overall health of their lungs. However, it should be noted that there are specific exercises that a person should indulge in so as to enhance their vital capacity.
It is advisable that when one is looking towards increasing their vital capacity, they need to indulge in exercises that require the lungs to take in more oxygen. Some of the recommended exercises include counted breathing, underwater workouts, cardiovascular exercises, high elevation workouts, playing a wind instrument among others. Indulging in such exercises daily can be useful in increasing the lung capacity over a period of time. Exercising the lungs enables them to get inflated and maintain the vital capacity. Thus, we will also be able to maintain our oxygen levels.
Each person should always aspire to acquire larger vital capacities in order to keep oxygen levels at a position where they are available to the brain and the entire body. There are several health conditions that one can be exposed to when we fail to keep our lungs open like pneumonia. In fact, this can also hinder the lungs from being properly inflated such that certain areas may tend to collapse or faced with a condition known as micro-atelectasis.
Vital capacity can significantly increase with the height of a person and decrease as age advances. Smoking is one of the main causes of decrease in vital capacity. In fact, studies indicate that females who begin smoking at adolescent are more likely to develop low vital capacity compared to their male counterparts.
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Sample Essay on Factors Affecting Vital Capacity
Vital Capacity
Vital capacity is simply defined as the maximum amount of air that an individual is able to expel from the lungs after a maximum intake of air. It is equivalent to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume. Vital capacity can be based upon so many factors, thus, it is in order to say that there are various factors that can affect vital capacity. Vital capacity can be affected by anything that hinders the lungs from being able to expand to their full capacity, or blocks up the air tract or lungs.
One of the factors that can be said to have an impact on vital capacity is genetics. People are born different with body feature are not similar in quite a number of ways. In the same way, you can find that the rib cage varies from one person to another; some are large in size while others are narrow. However, it should be noted that the bigger an individual’s rib cage is, the greater the ability of lungs to expand.
There is also another factor that can prevent the ability of lungs to fully expand; injured or weak diaphragm. When one has got an injury in the diaphragm, it becomes painful to stretch the ribs, thereby inhibiting the ability of lungs to expand to their full size. People with conditions like pleuresia, tension pneumothorax or even wounds in the chest can be faced with this problem. Besides, putting on constrictive clothing can also prevent the ribs from being able to stretch fully. A weak diaphragm can also be as a result of aging due to diminishing elasticity.
When your diaphragm is weak, it means that the respiratory muscles do not have the power to contract and relax. It should be noted that the stronger the respiratory muscles, the more the vital capacity.
There are also other factors that can affect the vital capacity like accumulation of substances like tar as a result of smoking, inhaled particulate matter in the lungs, infections like colds or pneumonia, health conditions like cystic fibrosis and emphysema, body fluids filling the lungs as a result of leaking blood vessels and even growths like tumors. Whenever such accumulate in the lungs, it becomes difficult for the ribs to stretch freely. In fact, even breathing becomes a problem to people with conditions like the ones highlighted above. Other serious diseases that can also hinder vital capacity include asthma, tuberculosis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema among others.
Apart from the above mentioned, there are other additional factors that can also affect the vital capacity like age, sex, body mass, abdominal tumors, bone deformities, weight among others. In order for one to be safe from experiencing complications or conditions that are related to vital capacity, it is advisable that you often see a doctor to measure yours. In case there is an early detection of a problem, it can be easier and quick to get the required help.
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- Published in Research Paper Help
Sample Essay on Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Reaction Rates
The procession of chemical reactions is something that one cannot merely guess or try to figure out literally. It is very important that before you begin any process of chemical reaction, you should know the results and agents of those results. There are several factors that affect reaction rates that you should be knowledgeable on when planning to conduct any. Among the most common ones include temperature, concentration, phase and surface area, catalyst among several others.
By increasing the temperature of a system, the average kinetic energy of its constituent particles is also increased. And when this happens, the particles are able to move much faster such that they collide more frequently per unit time. Besides, the particles also possess greater energy in the process of collision. As a result of all these actions, the rate of the reactions is significantly increased as the temperature also rises. It should be noted that in the event that the temperature is decreased, the rate of reaction also falls.
When two reactants are in a similar fluid phase, the particles of the two collide more frequently compared to when they one or both of them are in solid state, or even inside two different fluids that do not mix. If the reactants are uniformly dispersed in one homogenous solution, the number of collisions per unit time depends on temperature and concentration. In case the reaction is heterogeneous, the reactants are in two different phases, and collisions between them can occur only at interfaces between the phases. The rate of reaction of heterogeneous reaction depends on the surface area of the more condensed phase.
A catalyst is a substance that takes part in a chemical reaction and heightens the reaction rate without going through a net chemical change itself. For instance, consider the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence, and absence of different catalysts. Since most catalysts are highly selective, they often determine the product of a reaction by accelerating only one of several possible reactions that could take place. Most of the bulk chemicals produced in industry is formed with catalyzed reactions. Recent estimates show that about 30% of the gross national product of the United States and other developed nations relies on the use of catalysts either directly or indirectly.
With regards to concentration and pressure as factors affecting reaction rates, it should be noted that if either of the factors (concentration and pressure) of a chemical increases, there will be more particles within a given space. Thus, collision of the particles will occur more often. As concentration or pressures rises, the rate of reaction also moves towards the same direction.
The rate of a chemical reaction can also be affected by the nature of the solvent. For example, a sodium acetate solution reacts with methyl iodide in an exchange reaction to give methyl acetate and sodium iodide. The viscosity of the solvent is yet another factor that can also determine the reaction rates. Dissolved particles are able to diffuse much slowly in highly viscous solvents compared to those that are less viscous.
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