Sample Paper on Social Real Time Connection Application
Real Time Connection Application
Executive Summary
The contemporary society depicts social networking vividly in the lives of the people in almost every aspect including businesses and organizations that wish to remain in touch with customers on real-time basis. Through social networking, organizations have been able to tap various opportunities through digital platform’s establishments. Among the fields that have revolutionized how individuals negotiate to get better prices and shop is the technology of smart phones.
A dynamic shift has also been caused by social networking which brings diverse groups of individuals together enabling them to take part in the activities of the online markets. Through direct connection to the application, financial institutions can now offer different services to clients. Real Time Connection application refers to a software-based application. This application includes online social websites in a single application while allowing users financial and social management capabilities.
Using Real Time Connection application, individuals are able to connect with the other platforms for social networking through a single dedicated interface. The interface is user-friendly with content that allow users to buy and make payments for the goods that they purchase via this application. Additionally, customers are alerted about new promotions and offers that are categorized properly on the basis of the needs of individual users. Real Time Connection application also shows the connections that are frequently active on a site with an aim of purchasing products. Moreover, this application creates the profiles of customers online which enhances the provision of personalized promotional content on the basis of the preferences and profile information of the user.
Internet infrastructure via GPS technology has made this possible due to its ability to provide consumers’ information based on their location while providing updates of the information regarding new products. The contemporary setup of e-commerce has made social networking an indispensible platform. Businesses are using the tools of social networks to promote brands as well as to increase their revenue. They are also using this platform to avoid unethical practices which prevent their brands from penetrating the market. In a nutshell, Real Time Connection application has brought different social network aspects into businesses while boosting sales as well as the entire brand image. All these aspects are vital to businesses.
Introduction
People in different societies and regions across the globe have been connected in the contemporary world’s economy through communication. Various communication channels that were a characteristic of the early communication are still being used. There has also been a transition from the old-age communication channels to the contemporary channels that are based on advanced technology. Communication used to be an asset that individuals used while interacting in their daily lives. Trade activities of different businesses relied on communication as a means of communicating offers and reaching customers.
Today, communication is still playing these vital roles while using different channels. The use of different channels 
has made passing information easier while hastening trading processes. Modern communication channels have also brought about secure terms in regards to financial transactions. Intelligent gadgets have been invented due to technological advancement and these are now used in virtually every aspect of the structure of the modern society. Internet infrastructure and technological advancement have propelled this to even greater heights. Today, there are cloud-based, online platforms that people can access using smart phones. It is impossible to sideline social networks’ platform in the contemporary era. Businesses are able to track their products which mean that they can profile customers in both the private and public fronts.
Consequently, businesses are able to establish new as well as cemented customer-seller relationships on the basis of the factors of social demographics. This enables businesses to provide tailored products for certain networks while enhancing interaction between the system and the people (Epstein & Manzoni 210). As such, businesses are able to properly integrate within social fabrics while meshing with the lives of the people especially because of the introduction of the technology used by smart phones. The interaction between the seller and the buyer has improved online brands’ reputation in the social arenas. According to the latest trends, this aspect is being integrated by corporate businesses slowly within their operations because social platforms have the potential of accelerating businesses.
Background
It should be noted that social networking is becoming indispensable within the corporate world. Companies are capitalizing on its capabilities to introduce smart based apps that are customized specifically for their industry. This has enabled them to use the traffic of the social media especially the traffic that comprises of the young generations. This way, firms are able to come up with products that are tailored for such groups while still monitoring buying behaviors in order to enhance product personalization.
Social network websites including Google+, Weibo, Facebook and Twitter have recently become very popular. Google launched a more interactive feature that is video-based, the hangout which enriched the content through the elaboration of a particular product. This made tapping the potential of different market segments easier (Korhan 13). Marketing executives can come up with video content with an aim of appealing to more consumers. Thus, the growth of social networks continues because the technology of smart phones has introduced mobile-based computing which is possible to tap while on the move. People can now download the applications of social networks from different online stores so that they can visit different on-site business models.
This is an increasing trend currently because of social media integration in different online trade fabrics, whereby the social media is being used by businesses as a way of deepening and growing their market as well as connecting with potential clients while executing analytics of product enhancement because they can determine the aspects of the product that customers like and ones that they dislike (Lovett 322). Nevertheless, some questions have been raised regarding the way corporate businesses can tap the social media in order to handle their financial transactions online through social networks.
Real Connected World Application
The use of smart phones is on the increase and this has made various applications of the social network that are capable of supporting the normal processes of different businesses to be developed. Nevertheless, it is important to have an application that is capable of consolidating most features of social networks in a single gadget in order to enhance information sharing among businesses. A portable mobile device can support this due to the contemporary internet technologies. Real Connected World app uses the GPS which is a navigation system whose basis is radio waves that locate the coordinates of the selected points.
Once a request to access a certain site online is initiated, the application goes ahead with the authentication process where a password and username are requested. Once provided, the application uses a mechanism which is encrypted to encrypt the username as well as the password from a malicious attempt that is presented because of cookies that assist in profiling. Different selected stores are then located by the application and eventually a real-time notification about the available deals is given to the user.
The user interface of the application is customizable. It has favorites and catalog sections as well as a navigation pane that enables users to filter what they like depending on their selected preferences. Users are also able to order coupons that online stores are offering instantly. A customized application enables customers to access business deals directly. After locating a good deal, the customer is granted access by the application to an online store that is offering that deal. The app requests an online transaction from the sales point since it has online connection to payment channels.
The buyer receives the bill automatically and he/she is directed to the page where they can download the product. Apart from facilitating billing, the application enhances sharing and printing of coupons from smart phones through the internet. Printed coupons are presentable in the local shops. Users are able to accumulate their points with every item that they buy using the application. Additionally, users are updated on their activity status depending on their purchases. This is enhanced by the barcodes of the bought items.
There are rare Smartphone applications performing a similar function because it is a complex functionality that comes with various application platforms including Android and Windows driven gadgets. This makes Real Connected World a leading app that is designed in a way that enables it to handle the 3 platforms that are currently in use.
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Works cited
Epstein, Marc J, and J F. Manzoni. Performance Measurement and Management Control: Measuring and Rewarding Performance. Bingley: Emerald JAI, 2008. Web.
Korhan, Jeff. Built-in Social: Essential Social Marketing Practices for Every Small Business. , 2013. Web.
Lovett, John N. Social Media Metrics Secrets: Do What You Never Thought Possible with Social Media Metrics. Indianapolis, Ind: Wiley Pub, 2011. Web.
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Sample Communication Essay on Black Hole
Black Hole
Black hole is a term that has been heard by many people in different physics fields. However, only few people know the real meaning of black hole. Black hole issue has been surrounded by several questions including what it really is, when and how black holes are formed, is it possible for researchers to view black hole and what ‘event horizon’ is in relation to black hole. Speculations have emerged due to these questions including arguments of scientists who favor the vision and existence of black hole.
Black hole refers to a theoretical body that general relativity equations predict. Gravitational activities cause a star with significant mass to collapse. Subsequently, the entire or most of the mass of the star compresses to form a small space area. According to scientists, the collapse is followed by infinite curvature of space-time. Space-time curvature hinders everything including light from seeping from an event horizon. This is also called a boarder (Frolov, 1998).
People have always debated on the occurrence and existence of black holes because nobody has ever observed them directly. They are only favored by the argument that their effects have projections that match their observations. Nevertheless, alternative theories exist. Among the notable theories include the Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs). This theory attempts to exemplify the scientific observations.
However, most alternate theories eliminate space-time singularity’s existence that is found at the center of the black hole. Nevertheless, the argument of most scientists favor the explanation of black hole by stating that it is a viable explanation that attempts to elaborate what happens (Hooft, 1985).
Black holes issue is not something new. Debates that can be traced to as early as 18th century touched on this issue. At this time, some people proposed that light was attracted by super-massive objects. The inclination of another light theory called Newtonian Optics was towards perceiving and treating light as simple particles.
John Michell wrote an article in 1784 forecasting an entity whose radius was 500 times the radius of sun despite their density being the same but the sun being able to attain an escape velocity which can be equal to that of light. According to Michell, the entity could become invisible. Nevertheless, not many people were interested in such a theory at that time. Eventually, the theory was forgotten during the 20th century.
The light theory quickly replaced this theory becoming prominent in the 20th century. Both theories are now out-phased. While referencing them in regards to the contemporary physics, scientists call them ‘dark stars’ as a way of distinguishing them and the black holes of the modern science (Frolov, 1998).
Black holes’ concept became prominent after the 1916 Albert Einstein’s publication of general relativity. Karl Schwartzchild, a physicist wasted no time before coming up with a solution to Einstein’s equation of the spherical mass. This is commonly known as the Schwartzchild metric. The results of this solution were unprecedented. The character of the term used in expressing the radius eventually became disorienting. For some radius, zero seemed to be the denominator. This factor made mathematical calculations impossible or extremely complicated. Nevertheless, the approach aimed at shedding light on the black hole concept.
Over time, many people supported the black hole theory. The deduction of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, a prominent physicist was that stars with solar masses of 1.44 and above ought to collapse on experiencing general relativity. The view of another physicist called Arthur Eddington was that some properties had the ability to avert a collapse. Through personal ways, evidence has been found to show that both physicists were right.
Theory’s development was also influenced significantly by Robert Oppenheimer, a physicist. In 1939, Robert forecasted a supper-massive star with the ability to collapse and create a unique ‘frozen star’ not just in mathematics’ perspective but a natural perspective. His prediction was that this collapse would cause a slow down leading to a freezing time within the juncture when it would cross Schwartzchild radius (Rs).
According to the physicist, the light that would emerge from this star would undergo a red shift at the Rs. Nevertheless, the belief of several scientists is that this is a trait that Schwartzchild metric has because of its nature which is majorly symmetrical. Their view is that this collapse would naturally not occur in actuality since asymmetries are prevalent in most light stars that have been identified so far (Hooft, 1985).
In 1967, almost a half of a century following the Schwartxchild Radius’ discovery, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose provided a prove that showed that general relativity caused black holes. Their work further showed that the collapse could not be averted in any way. Pulsars discovery enhanced this while enabling John Wheeler to use the word black hole during a lecture that was in the late 1967. Hawking radiation’s discovery has been incorporated in the subsequent researches which prove the ability of black holes to emit radiation.
Speculation about black hole is another issue. Theorists and researchers who want to challenge the concept are associated with this speculation. An accord that is almost universal exists in the modern world. This accord is about black holes’ existence. Nevertheless, it has always been impossible for scientists to agree on the black holes’ actual nature.
Several unanswered questions concerning black holes’ nature exist. The belief that is held by some individuals is that materials that are lost in the black holes can reappear elsewhere in the universe. They argue that this is similar to wormhole’s case. Significant developments have also been made about the concept of black holes. Hawking radiation is one of the most prominent developments introduced by Stephen Hawking, a British physicist in 1974.
Hawking radiation refers to a theoretical projection whose focus is the explanation of thermal properties relating to the concept of black holes. Black holes are considered to have gravitational fields that are very powerful and these enable them to draw matter and energy. Jacob Bekenstein tried to explain the theory more by suggesting that the entropy of black holes should be well-defined. This resulted in thermodynamics’ development for black hole which incorporates energy emission. Hawking radiation was eventually developed and this has remained influential in black holes studies (Hooft, 1985).
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References
Frolov, V. V. P., & Novikov, I. D. (1998). Black hole physics: basic concepts and new developments (Vol. 96). Springer.
Hooft, G. (1985). On the quantum structure of a black hole. Nuclear Physics B, 256, 727-745.
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Writing a Research Paper on Divorce
Divorce
Divorce is one of the main problems that have penetrated today’s society and has negative effects on societies economically, socially and psychologically especially for the parties involved. Economically, parties involved in divorce litigation which has financial implications and may ultimately cost the wealthier couples more when they have to divide their property. Socially, a person may be viewed as a failure especially if they go through more than one divorce. This may have psychological effects on such persons as they go through criticism and the pain of divorce. Additionally, where children are involved, they may suffer psychological toll after the divorce. Children may also exacerbate divorce legal battles as parents seek custody and this may result in the children choosing sides in certain cases. This can be psychologically tumultuous for the children and cause strain between parents. This can result in emotional, psychological and legal battles. Although in most cases women are given custody of children, there are instances where men are awarded custodial rights. This can cause devastation for the women and divorce can be even more complicated in same sex families.
Divorce has suddenly become a very important issue that needs to be urgently addressed because of the frequency with which divorce cases are occurring. The fact that divorce negatively affects children also makes it important for society to prevent it. According to statistics from the
U.S. Census Bureau, one in every two marriages end up in divorce (McCurley & McCurley 1). In the United States, the estimates of first marriages that end up in separation of divorce range between 40-50%. This estimate grows even larger to stand at 60% for second marriages (Hawkins & Fackrell 42). The past five decades have seen an escalation of divorce as compared to the 1970s and 1980s.
Regardless of the soaring rates of divorce, the importance of marriage cannot be overlooked especially considering that it has been attributed to increasing couple’s lifespan. McCurley & McCurley states that “married people live longer, suffer fewer health ailments, have higher net worth and are sexier than single people” (1). The need to stay married is not only for purposes of safeguarding the welfare of children in the picture but also enhancing the overall well-being of the couples involved. This makes it imperative for any forward-thinking society to foster lasting solutions that deal with divorce related concerns.
Professional help through marriage counseling is considered one of the plausible solutions that couples can take in a bid to salvage their marriage. During marriage counseling, the counselors usually assist the parties involved to explore the main causes of their problems and possible solutions to them. Marriage counselors often use their knowledge and understanding of human behavior and psychology to help couples resolve their problems and sustain their marriage. Through counseling, couples are given a platform for interacting with a neutral third party, in this case the counselor, who not only points out their individual weaknesses and wrongdoings, but also helps each one see the best in the other.
Any relationship and marriage in particular is a union between two people who mutually consented to being together. This makes it pertinent for these two parties to come up with effective solutions when their relationship or marriage encounters challenges. In most cases, problems arise when the couple stops communicating and spend more time with other people or pursuing parallel goals. This makes it essential for the couple to come up with tailored solutions that are fit for resuscitating their partnership. . It is therefore logical to say, “Your relationship will improve when you stop working at changing your mate and warmly allow your mate to be whoever they are” (McDonald & Jackson, 15). Couples can thus keep their marriage intact by accepting their partners as they are and working together.
While lack of commitment is one of the reasons why about 73% of couples divorce, sexual infidelity tops the list as the commonest cause for divorce (Hawkins & Fackrell 44). Lack of commitment may arise when couples ignore gaping problems in their union because of other commitments that consume their time and energy. Additionally, some couples tend to encounter this problem because they push aside the contentious issues in their marriage. Ultimately, failure to communicate stalls a relationship and reduces commitment between the parties. By working out their issues, couples can use communication as an important tool in resolving their differences (Amato & Previti 605).
In the face of a turbulent relationship, women will often be seen to be more vocal than the men because by nature, they observe their relationships more keenly (Amato & Previti 605). Men, on the other hand, often withdraw from conversation and avoid discussing the concerns in their relationships. This culminates into women initiating divorce procedures against them. On the other hand, males tend to withdraw from discussions concerning relationships, and the more reason why women initiate divorce. Open communication is therefore the best way for working through marriage problems and avoiding divorce. Even though consulting with third parties such as marriage counselors may offer viable solutions, the longer lasting solutions are those that are initiated by the couple after intimate discussions and mutual agreements. Third parties may also not receive support from both couples and hence their solutions may not be viable in every marriage.
Lack of communication between married couples is viewed as extremely dangerous as it creates loopholes for other factors such as infidelity, which may lead to divorce. Infidelity being the number one cause for divorce is perceived differently by the sexes. Whereas women feel that emotional infidelity is wrong, men perceive sexual infidelity as negative. According to research, 71% of unfaithful men and 49% of unfaithful women state that infidelity arises as a result of ineffective communication concerning sexual needs between couples (Norhtrup et al).
In order to avoid divorce, couples must endeavor to work things out by committing to each other and communicating openly about their concerns in the relationship. Research shows that most divorcees wished they would have resolved their differences and avoided divorce. Even though infidelity is a major cause for divorce, lack of commitment is the main reason why couples fail to resolve their differences. Despite the importance of marriage counselling in helping couples resolve their problems, a marriage can only be saved when the couple involved decides to communicate and work through their differences together.
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Works Cited
Amato, Paul, R & Previti, Denise. “People’s Reasons for Divorcing: Gender, Social Class, the Life Course and Adjustment.” Journal of Family Issues, 24.5 (2003):602-626
Hawkins, Alan, J. & Fackrell, Tamara, A. Should I Keep Trying to Work It Out? Utah: Utah Commission on Marriage, 2009. Web. 19 October 2013
McCurley, Mike & McCurley, Mary Jo. Divorce: Prevention Survival & Recovery. n.d. Web. 19 October 2013
McDonald, Homer & Jackson, Dean. Stop Your Divorce. Florida: New Information Inc, 2011. Web. 19 October 2013
Northrup, Chrisanna et al. The Normal Bar. Harmony, 2013. In Huffington Post. “Why People Cheat: ‘The Normal Bar’ Reveals Infidelity Causes.” The Huffington Post, 2013 January 22. Web. 19 October 2013. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/22/why-people-cheat_n_2483371.html
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Misused Verse in the Bible Sample Essay
Bible
I hear individuals claim that through Christ, they can perform any activity because he strengthens them (Kodanko 661; Philippians 4:13). It is impossible to finish your business studies without one person uttering such words which are found in the Bible. On hearing these words, we respond with a loud Amen. It is apparent that this verse is now a famous catch phrase.
People are using it falsely even in the social media. The fact is that people do not know how to use this phrase properly as it is in the Bible. Instead, they recite the verse every time and everywhere without considering the appropriate place and time when these encouraging words should be uttered.
Bargerhuff (76) notes that this verse ought to be understood clearly from Paul’s thanksgiving perspective when he was addressing the Philippines. He was thanking them for showing him hospitality while in the gospel mission in their homeland. As a missionary sent by God to spread the gospel of the Bible, Paul faced hardship and tough times during the mission. However, he was still able to overcome the challenges and to preach the message of Christ to people across Philippi.
Paul went to Philippi with encouraging words that gave him hope. His belief was that Jesus accompanied him everywhere he went and this was the reason why he succeeded in the mission.
Therefore, people should stop misusing this verse while engaging in earthly things as a way of pleasing themselves. Instead, the verse should be understood properly so that it can be applied in appropriate contexts. The verse means that God’s servants can succeed in spreading the gospel as well as saving souls by submitting what they do to Jesus because it is He who sanctifies them so that He can use them in spreading His message all over the world.
To modern readers, this verse gives encouragement, support and hope so that they can serve as the vessels that Jesus need to use them the way He used Paul in spreading the gospel (Bargerhuff 76).
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Works Cited
Bargerhuff, Eric J. The Most Misused Verses in the Bible. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 2012.
Kodanko, Luke. King James Version. New York: Luke Kodanko, 2011.
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Worldly Wisdom versus Godly Wisdom Sample Paper on Divorce
Divorce
Consider a situation in which a husband and a wife have been caught committing adultery. The husband of the wife Mr. Scott feels offended by this situation due to the effects and tension it has created. His productivity at the workplace has been affected as well as in performing home affairs. This gets to a level where he thinks about divorcing the wife. What kind of advice could you offer him keeping in mind that the Bible prohibits infidelity (Malachi 2:16).
My advice to him is that contemplating divorce was right because trust has been breached in the marriage. Nevertheless, he ought not to depend on advice from other people while making his decision because not everybody is honest with him (Brown, 213). Scott should consider the children’s interest in addition to thinking about his security as a person before filing for a divorce. He should consider the views of his wife concerning her act so that he can know what led to this situation (Hawkins, Willoughby, & Doherty, 2012).
The basis of divorce advice is worldly understanding. According to worldly faiths, marriage is not holy. However, in God’s eye marriage is holy. Additionally, the court system also contributes to this understanding because of the way it determines divorce cases (Evans, 2012). For this reason, Scott thought that the case might take a similar line.
Annulment of a marriage and infidelity are detested by God. In 1st Peter 5:7, the bible says that we should let God address our worries and give us wisdom and comfort. According to Hebrews 13:4, marriage should be honored by everybody to avoid being judged by God for immorality. As such, Scott ought to forgive the wife because in Matthew 6:14, the bible says that a person who forgives shall be forgiven too. Apart from being fit for the situation that Scott is in, these scriptures are encouraging to those in hopelessness’ state.
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References
Brown, E. M. (2013). Patterns of infidelity and their treatment. London: Routledge.
Evans, T. (2012). Divorce and Remarriage. Chicago: Moody Publishers.
Hawkins, A. J., Willoughby, B. J., & Doherty, W. J. (2012). Reasons for Divorce and Openness to Marital Reconciliation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(6), 453-463.
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Information Assurance Academic Paper Writing on Ethics
Ethics
Introduction
Ethical, moral and legal codes refer to guidelines directing external human contact. Legality, morality and ethics are intertwined closely and they have the tendency of working together towards the achievement of a common goal which is promotion of good behavior in society. However, slight differences exist between these three terms that this paper attempts to expose.
Contrary to morality and ethics, laws of a state or institution often dictate behavior that is either illegal or legal. Thus, the legal expectations from an individual tend to be straightforward and often put down in writing in the form of a constitution. However, ethical and legal expectations are not defined clearly and generally depend on the perception of the society or individual on what is right and wrong. According to Wilkins and Williams (2008), there is another distinction between law on the one hand and ethics and morality on the other which is that the laws are often limited compared to the other two. This is attributed to the fact most legal standards tend to be prohibitive which means behaving within legal limits often involves failing to do something.
For instance, robbery is illegal; however, the law does not demand that an individual should call the police whenever they see someone being robbed. Moral and ethical standards however are more positive and they often require an individual to do something. For instance, in the case of robbery, a person will be ethically and morally compelled into calling the police though it is not their legal obligation. The law attains its intentions through disallowing behavior that is potentially harmful and encourages proper behavior in society through promising punishment to individuals who participate in behavior that is unacceptable. In most cases, lack of compliance with ethical and moral rules does not attract any form of punishment but breaking of laws attracts a penalty.
Ethics and morality are closely related. They involve societal larger behavior expectations apart from legal institutions. Religious institutions for instance, churches, play a crucial role in shaping the moral and ethical perceptions of an individual. Amstutz (2005) defines morality as derivative of the term Latin “mores” which means habit, way of life or custom. Morality describes what is universally right and as such, it demand universal allegiance. It defines righteousness, integrity values and virtues that are acceptable universally. Therefore morality is concerned with acceptable individual behavior accepted universally.
However, ethics is social perception of what is right and wrong which is nott necessarily universal. Poking and Stroll (1993) defined ethics as the acceptable principles code by which people live. Such set of principles differ among societies and professions. For instance, the medical professional has its set of medical ethics that differ from those of accounting. Christian ethics as they are outlined in 10 commandments differ from Islam ethics. American social ethics are also different from African social ethics. In America for instance, being gay is socially acceptable but in Africa, it is condemened. Despite these variations of ethics from one religion, profession or place to another, moral values like love, honesty and kindness are acceptable throughout. For instance, practicing honesty is expected in America, Africa and Islam as well as in American and Africa and in the accounting and medical professions.
Conclusion
Legality can be defined as what the law expects of a person, morality is the internal values of an individual and applicable everywhere while ethics is code of conduct by which an institution, profession or society chooses to live by. Morality and ethics however, must be applied with legal requirements.
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References
Amstutz, M. R. (2005). International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics (2nd Ed.) United States of America USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. Retrieved on October 21 2013 from;
Popkin, H. R., & Stroll, A. (1993). Philosophy. Burlington MA: Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved on October 21, 2013 from;
Williams, L., W. (2008). Law and Ethics R. Goshman (Ed.) Wolters Kluwer Health.
Retrieved on October 21, 2013 from;
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Writing Essay on Technology and Communication
Technology and Communication
The technology and communication field has undergone rapid changes with developments in certain technological innovations and advancements. Cloud computing is a new modernization trend in the sector of technology and communication and has expanded since it was incepted in 2007 (Zissis, 2010). Cloud computing is technology that is web based that makes it possible for data to be managed and hosted over real time communication network or the Internet mainly for business and personal applications. The technology and communication has been adopted by numerous professionals especially in communication and technology for purposes of keeping at par with the new era of technology changes. The technology is also considered as secure, cost effective as well as suitable to companies that have invested in technology such as Amazon and Google (Winkler, 2011). However, the ever increasing use of cloud computing by various firms comes with uncertainties in relation to the existing application of IT majorly in communication. There are numerous benefits and disadvantages related to cloud computing technology, its concerns and risks as well as future potential on if organizations should use or adopt the technology and communication.
The technology of cloud computing is effective in application and eliminates the need to invest in expensive and stand-alone servers or software over a network. By leveraging on the capabilities of cloud computing, organizations effectively save licensing fees, get rid of overhead charges and save time which includes data storage cost, management and updating software. Usually, the cloud is availed at rates that are considerably lower when compared to conventional approached since the technology lovers overall expenses of IT according to Gulrajani and Bowler (2009). For example, the technology is scalable and convenient with emergence of payment models like pay-as-you-go and one-time payments which make cloud computing far more attractive (Gens, 2008). Consequently, cloud computing makes it possible for firms to be more analytical and technical since the technology delivers cash flow that is enhanced by eliminating capital expense that is associated with development and maintenance of server infrastructure. It also simplifies data back-up process and recovery since the data in the cloud is not on a physical device (Zissis 2010). Due to this, several cloud solutions offer a flexible and reliable data back-up and data recovery resolution.
Cloud computing is also known to offer convenience and continued availability throughout the world since public clouds offer services easily available anywhere to end users regardless of where they are located. The technology also makes it possible for individuals to access information easily as well as accommodate the increasing need of users in different geographic locations or zones (Gens, 2008). Therefore, this allows real time collaboration as it becomes less difficult to view, modify and access shared files and documents over the Internet. Additionally, services uptime if often guaranteed since it provides continued resource availability. This is due to the fact that majority of cloud vendors use multiple services in order to ensure there is maximum redundancy and in instances of system failure, alternative servers automatically switch over. According to Winkler (2011), the deployment of cloud computing is often established on a robust architecture. This therefore provides redundancy and resiliency to users. Such ability also offers automatic fail-over between hardware platforms while also ensuring there is effective service for disaster recovery. Additionally, according to Gulrajani and Bowler (2009), cloud computing also ensures there is easy access of quick system integration and deployment. A system for cloud computing can simply be up and running within a short duration quick deployment with automatic integration of software.
Cloud technology additionally offers increased capacity of storage for businesses and applications. The cloud application and system can store and accommodate more data in comparison with computers since they offer unlimited storage capacity. As such this effectively eliminates worries regarding the possibility of running out of storage space. This also spares businesses the requirement of upgrading computer hardware for storage thus reducing general Information Technology costs (Gulrajani & Bowler, 2009). Additionally, cloud computing as well ensures effective performance and scalability for business and personal applications. Consequently for instance, cloud instances are often deployed automatically whenever they are needed. Businesses therefore will pay for the data storage and applications space they need. Additionally, cloud computing as well ascertains elasticity simply because cloud technology can be effectively scaled in order to meet the changing demands of technology and communication. In regard to performance, the cloud system uses distributed architectures that offer excellent computation speeds. According to (Zissis) 2010, cloud computing system also involves small learning curves for people as well as businesses. The applications also entail smaller learning curves since people are indirectly or quietly used to them and what is more, users also easily adopt them like Google Docs and Gmail.
Privacy and security are often the main concerns in regard to cloud computing services. By leveraging an infrastructure that is cloud based, organizations in actuality give away private information and data which is highly confidential and sensitive. Providers of cloud service are tasked with the management, protection and detainment of critical data. Therefore, it is crucial that cloud providers should be reliable (Anthens, 2010). The existence of the organizations can be jeopardized and as such all the possible alternatives should be explored before a decision is made o on whether to use cloud computing. In the same manner, end users might also feel unwilling or uncomfortable about surrendering their data easily to a third party. According to Winkler (2011), when it comes to cloud computing, privacy is a major issue as such, users and firms are supposed to trust their vendors will protect their data in appropriate manners and ensure the same is not accessed by unauthorized users.
Usually, cloud computing services are faced with technical as well as downtime difficulties. Because of this, most organizations cannot effectively deal with cloud computing service vendors who often experience downtime and technical difficulties. However, over time, all systems can face system dysfunctions and outages as well as downtime even in cases of excellent cloud providers. Additionally, Anthens (2010) argues the entire cloud computing setup is dependent on ideal Internet access and challenges in connectivity or network renders the entire setup useless. Gulrajani and Bowler as well mention that services of cloud computing offer limited flexibility and control (2009). Given cloud services and applications run in third party or remote virtual environments, users and organizations in most instances have limited control over the software and hardware functions as well as execution. In addition, because remote server and software are used in cloud computing, usually the system lacks most of the features if applications that run locally (Gens, 2008).
Another drawback of cloud computing is its absolute dependency on the provider which often results to vendor lock-in. Vendor lock-in often leads to instances where organizations are unable to migrate from their providers once they begin using their services (Gens, 2008). For example, if a user wants to switch to another alternative cloud provider, it is really cumbersome and difficult since there is massive data to be moved from their existing cloud provider to a new one. Consequently, this has proven to be the reason why organizations and people as a whole need to exercise caution and thoroughly consider options while selecting a vendor. Usually, cloud computing is prone to vulnerability since solutions that are cloud based are exposed to public Internet as such, they suffer severe attacks as well as other breaches of security. On top of this due to the inter-dependency of the system, once the data machine is compromised, then vital business and personal information is easily leaked.
To conclude, cloud computing (Web-based technology) is a considerably new trend of modernization in communication and technology sector that has expanded considerably since inception. The technology is viewed as secure, cost effective as well as appropriate to organizations already investing in technology like Amazon and Google. However, the ever increasing application of the technology by different organizations poses some uncertainties in relation application of information technology like issues with privacy and security, technical difficulties, limited flexibility and control, downtime and technical difficulties as well as instances of vendor lock-in. Despite these drawbacks, cloud computing is in the infant stage and it has a large application potential for the future as well as the possibility of additionally research been carried out in order to mitigate the shortcoming associated with the service.
- Published in Essay writers
Writing Comparative Essay:Iphone versus Galaxy Smartphones
Smartphones
Iphone versus Galaxy
Mobile phones are an integral part of human life. Mobile phones have undergone transformation as a result of advancement in technology from huge brick like shaped to stylish and small Smartphones which have vastly become leading computing devices throughout the globe. There are more than 1 billion Smartphone users in the world and this market is still undergoing growth. Because of this, a war has been promoted between Apple and Samsung. Apple used to be the leading manufacturer of mobiles like iPhone attracting a large customer base but the death of Steve Job, the founder coincided with its decline in volume sales. Samsung Galaxy series on the other hand has enjoyed increased sales in volume. Consumers are often town between superiority of these two Smartphones. The two are compared in terms of operating system, display resolution, internal storage and form factor (Carare 294). I believe Galaxy series are far better than the iPhone series.
Galaxy series S1 and S4 are designed with polycarbonate (plastic) which enhances the ability of swapping the battery out. IPhone series on the other hand are designed of glass and aluminum making them fragile. The plastic material of Galaxy series is what makes them better since they can handle rough usage. S4 has a super 5.8 AMOLED screen with a high pixel density of 441 pixels per inch as compared to the iPhone which has 326 pixel per inch. Because of this, the Galaxy series has high resolution effort. What is more, Samsung colors are also more saturated and visible. With 1080p screen, Galaxy also offers an option that is better for playing games and watching movies (MAgid para 2). The S4 also has a battery life that is longer than that of the iPhone. The Galaxy has fourteen hours talk time while the iPhone has eight hours.
Galaxy series operates on the Android system, which is popular with Google Maps application. Google maps have been available for a long duration and offers accurate and comprehensive mapping information with complete features like voice guided navigation as well as street view mode. Google maps also offers pedestrians public transport and navigation. Galaxy series like S3 and S4 offers NFC (Near Field Connectivity) which is not offered by the iPhone series. NFC connectivity facilitates short range expedient communication between electronic devices as such easy connection to other devices used by consumers. The NFC connectivity also makes galaxy series better than iPhone. The S3 and S4 pop up play features make it possible for users to watch videos through minute floating window. Normally, this is located on top of other applications in use. The feature cannot be found in iPhone series thus making Galaxy series better (Sharma 1965).
Galaxy series also comes with standard mass storage as well as USB host capacity that makes it easy to transfer photos.IPhone series does not come with mass storage mode which means that individuals cannot access file systems of connected storage. On top of this, the Galaxy series operating system makes it possible for 3rd party browser engines to run the system in complete contrast to iPhone series. Chrome, a third party browser engine for android is quite fast in benchmarks and also gives numerous user interfaces. Opera and Firefox are the other browser engines. These three browsers make it possible for individuals to synchronize tabs between phone and desktop. The Galaxy also has a quad-core Snapdragon while iPhone series like the iPhone 5 has dual core. Therefore, this means the Galaxy is two times as fast as the iPhone (Sharma 1965).
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- Published in Comparative Essay
Writing Research Question Sample
Research
Does lack of education affect socialization among poor people?
Introduction
Poverty affects every aspect of the development of a child. It is important that people should consider the impacts of poverty on a child. A child who is brought up in poor living conditions will experience challenges and hardships in many areas including emotional and social circle, health and safety sphere, acute and chronic stressor and cognitive incompetence. All these areas are important for the proper upbringing of a child and thus, emphasis should be placed on them. The emotional and social sphere is characterized by the inability of the child to acquire proper education as a result of lack of resources.
This paper will find out whether lack of education impacts socialization among poor people.
Research Question and Proposed Method
Research Question: Does lack of education affect socialization among poor people?
The research that has been proposed to help in ascertaining whether socialization is indeed influenced by lack of education would be quantitative. The reason for choosing this method is because it is conclusive it is purpose unlike qualitative which is mainly exploratory. At this stage, the research is not focused on exploring the topic further but coming up with a conclusion on the impacts of lack of education on socialization.
Quantitative research is ideal for this particular study because it is aimed at finding a consensus on this particular matter. The purpose of the study is harmonization of those voices that are giving different opinions on whether lack of education affects socialization among the poor. A qualitative research is applied to complement quantitative research since it provides relevant information for conducting the latter (University of South Alabama, 2013). This would not be ideal because this study looks into testing the hypothesis in the real world and examining the particular relationship between the variables.
Strengths of Quantitative Research Method
A quantitative research is easy to conduct since the researcher is only required to test and validate theories that have already been formulated. This means that he or she will not have to undertake the observation of every aspect in the study because he or she has a clear picture of what he or she is looking for.
If the research is carried out using a sufficient sample size then the person conducting the research is able to generalize the results of the study. Besides, he or she might also be able to generalize his findings if they have been replicated on several other populations. This can help the researcher is saving time and valuable resources through generalizing the findings of the research.
The results of a quantitative research are of great value since they are often independent of the opinion of the researcher. The reason for independence is that the findings are mostly statistical, therefore, are not subject to the opinions and thoughts of the researcher. This type of research is therefore highly incredible unlike qualitative research, and is usually employed in making major funding decisions in the economy.
Weakness of Quantitative Research Method
This method of study can lead an individual to missing the occurrence of a phenomenon simply because one is focused on hypothesis testing. It limits the ability of the person conducting the study to generate hypothesis in the process of the research since the focus is placed on testing the hypothesis that had been created initially. This weakness is referred to as the conformation bias and can sometimes be very costly to the researcher (University of South Alabama, 2013).
Another weakness of Quantitative is that it creates findings or knowledge that is too general. This knowledge might therefore prove useless since any direct application needs by the local community or a given situation. Mostly, the knowledge that results from quantitative research is too abstract and hence, limits its use to a vague application of the results.
In order to conduct quantitative research, the research should first come up with theories that will be used in the actual study. The theories used by most researchers to conduct a quantitative research often fail to reflect the understanding of local communities (University of South Alabama, 2013).
Sampling Procedure
The research will use a stratified random sampling technique in coming up with the sample that represents the population. The categories under which the student falls from the independent strata, which will then be sampled (Levy & Lemeshow, 2013). All children that fall within the sampled strata will be studied so as to determine the relationship that exists between lack of education as a result of poverty and socialization skills.
For the sample to represent a population, it should be 10% of the whole population that is under study. They also conceptualized that stratified sampling is appropriate where it is possible for members of a population that are homogeneous within themselves and heterogeneous without themselves to be classified (Levy & Lemeshow, 2013). This level of sampling made sure that the various classes of children are represented in the study.
Ethical Consideration
A person conducting research should observe high ethical standards in the course of the study and also in the presentation of results. He or she must first, not use data without the permission from the owner. This type of study will require that data is collected through questionnaires. Thus, the questionnaire will be required to inform the respondent about how the information acquired will be used also of most important, ask the respondents to give consent for the use of their private information. The information given will be accorded protection and restricted
The researcher should also remain objective to the research and not allow personnel bias stand in the way of a quality research paper. The researcher is entitled to his or her own opinions; however, he or she would not let such views impact his judgment with regards to the results of the study.
Literature Review
Hilton Kelly points out that poverty affect the ability of a child to learn in many ways. Kelly says that teachers ought to fashion pedagogies for obtaining supplies and resources that are useful in the education of the children (Kelly, 2010). This means that poverty indeed affects the learning capability of a child in several ways, including his ability to socialize. This means that it is undoubted fact that poverty should be considered as an aspect that leads to lack of education, which is imperatively inclined to their ability to socialize.
The behaviors that portrayed by children in the classroom has a co relationship with the type of education that they get (Parker, Nelson & Burns, 2010). This means that the quality of education that a person gets has a direct influence on his or her behavior around other people. The disparities in the education systems between the rich and poor directly impacts the way in which children will relate with one another. Thus, Parker, Nelson and Burns were all in acknowledgement that the kind of education impacts the way one socializes with his or her peers and other people.
Conclusion
The understanding of how poverty influences the growth of a child should be given precedence. This paper is focused on how lack of education lowers the ability of a child to socialize normally with others. Consequently, it is inherent for emphasis to be accorded in understanding the magnitude of such a problem and developing solutions for the improvement of communication with people who have poor communication skills as a result of lack of education.
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- Published in Research Paper Help
Sample Paper on Public Policy Analysis in Public Administration
Public Policy
Public Policy in the Field of Public Administration
Public policy refers to the act by government to address certain problems affecting members of the public. Various governmental organizations formulate and implement public policy so as to address issues affecting the public. Besides, public administration defines the process of implementing public policy. Therefore, public policy fits quite well in the field of public administration; the study of public administration enables one to acquire knowledge on how to manage organizations, public policy analysis and solving public problems. Public administration involves professional experts for the development of sound public policies that can help in solving, easing or preventing the problems.
Public administration requires skills like budgeting, research and management, which are important in the implementation of government policy. A public administrator oversees the design and execution of government policies. Public policy is just one among the various pillars of public administration. Other pillars include human resource, statistics and ethics. The public administrators are legislators, mayors, public servants among others. This fits well in the agenda of public policy. For instance, a mayor seeks legislation on public policy and undertakes its implementation for the benefit of the general public.
Co-Relation between a Public Policy and a Public Problem
A public problem can be defined as any crisis that affects the public including scarce resources, natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, and famines), poor physical condition (health), social problems, economic crisis, and poverty among several others. Over the years, it has been the responsibility of the public administrators to integrate efforts and approaches to solving problems. As a result of this, the public administration uses experts to create sound public policies aimed at solving, easing or preventing the mentioned problems. Professionals with experience help the administrators to build and establish the necessary infrastructure so as to curb the issues (Dunn, 2012).
The first step towards the mitigation of public problem is realizing that the situation can be altered. Even though public management is different from public analysis, certain public policy programs borrow skills and practices from both systems in order to enhance decision-making and leadership. A good analysis is required before the application of professional skills in the formulation and implementation of public policy. This will make sure that the policy is effective when applied (Egonmwan, 1991). For example, poverty is a renowned public problem that is complex and has a lot of controversies with regards to its causes, methods of eradication and measures. Thus, public policy that ensures public economic growth would be an ideal way of fighting poverty.
The benchmark of public policy in handling public problems is comprehensive analysis by the practitioners that supports effective collection of data, evaluation of reports and solution of complex issues. Public policy planners must have skills like critical thinking, problem solving and analysis (Dunn, 2012).
Concepts of Political Socializing and Political Culture
Political culture is defined as the attitudes, ideas, feelings and values that the people for the government, politics and their role in the political arena. It can also refer to the beliefs, behaviors, customs and distinguishing features of a political system. Political culture explains the way in which people view the political systems around them. It goes beyond just opinions and involves the ways of living based on political beliefs, and also gives a reflection on the things that the people are willing and capable of integrating. It directs the general political viewpoint of the people and is usually constant in nature. Political culture gives the implication that people know their rights, duties and responsibilities as well as expectations (Ethridge & Handleman, 2012). It should also be noted that political systems vary from one country to another, and does not necessarily suggest that people from the same community have similar opinions. Nevertheless, the approaches of these people to political issues are in a way, similar.
Political socializing on the other hand refers to the process of the development of political values, ideas, beliefs and opinions in every member of a given society. On other terms, it can be defined as the process of developing a political culture. It refers to what people learn through social media and interactions with one another. Compared to political culture that is generally applied, political socializing focuses on individuals. It implies upbringing and interactions. It uses agents of socializing to influence the people’s political culture. The primary and secondary agents of this concept include family and the media respectively (Ethridge & Handelman, 2012).
Difference between institutional and Racial Politics
Racial politics is defined as the exploitation of the issues of race in advancing political agenda. A nation that exercises racial politics has a political party that is representative of racial groups. In a system like this, not all the races are included in one party. For instance, Malaysia practiced racial politics for 51 years. Therefore, it is not easy to find a hero from Malaysia since heroism is linked to a particular race like the Malaysian Indian or Malaysian Chinese. In the United States, a social rift existed along racial lines. The second-class citizenship and racial divide that governed the African Americans during the regime of the former federal governments have resulted into racial systems across the states (Kinder & Sanders, 1996).
On the contrary, institutional politics is a system of governorship that is balanced and does not restrict the freedom of individual citizens and is based on the consent of the people who participated in its formulation. It is focused on reducing the level of oppression of governments on the minor members of a society (Amenta, 2000). For example, institutional politics in the United States ensures that power is shared between the national government and the states. Institutional politics is mainly governed by the constitution that outlines the rules and defines the way in which power should be shared among political institutions.
Relevance of Grassroots Mobilization in Public Policy
Grassroots mobilization defines the process of encouraging political belief, ideas and values of a community (Hochstetler, 1993). The act is still relevant in influencing political party because it enhances the development of s stronger base for making their issues to be heard by the legislators. Today, organizations, associations and politicians are using grassroots mobilization for influencing public policies, and various groups to influence the opinions of the masses concerning issues. Several tactical strategies are commonly used in the mobilization, like holding press conferences or issuance of press releases. Besides, the increase in the use of social media like Facebook and Twitter makes it cheaper, easier and fast to initiate grassroots mobilization.
It usually occurs that the concerns of those seeking legislation vary from those of the public. This makes grassroots mobilization critical in changing the community’s opinion towards a particular avenue (Schafft, 1999). For example, the public holds the perception that crime is the first problem followed by economic growth and then international affairs. On the other hand, mobilizes listed health as the first issue followed by environmental conservation. Even though grassroots mobilization has greatly altered the manner of communication, it remains focused on addressing the same issues as it was many years ago.
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- Published in Academic Writing
College Paper Writing on Simple Stimulus Learning
Simple Stimulus Learning
Introduction
The principle of learning explains the behavior of human beings on a daily basis. Humans are born with the knowledge of some kind of biologically programmed response like coughing, sneezing and breathing but learning can help in their modification. Scientifically, learning involves stimulus and response. Stimulus can be defined as anything that is experienced through senses while response refers to anything that people do individually. When stimulus is consistently presented, the response to it is weakened. Stimulus learning is a permanent behavioral change that results from experience. Stimulus learning is made up of simple forms of learning like habituation and conditioning. It is acquired in the event that stimulus is introduced as part of the process of learning that can manipulate behavior.
This paper will analyze the forms of simple stimulus learning.
The Concept of Habituation
Habituation refers to a psychological process of learning that entails decrease in response to a stimulus once it is consistently exposed to it. It occurs because of sensory adaptation. This concept creates the assertion that organism may learn to ignore stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it. Essentially, habituation is a critical biological system process that helps in spotting significant and changing information within the body. It is impacted by the length of time to the presentation of stimulus. Habituation elevates with frequent stimulus presentations; it is dependent on particular characteristics of the stimulus. Any alteration in the characteristics creates nonappearance of habituation (Faulkender, 1974, p. 1002).
Habituation bears certain scientific significance. It tests psychological phenomenon in both human beings and animals. This means that people are likely to be attentive to a stimulus to which they have been exposed to on many occasions. Habituation points out that all organisms have the natural desire of experiencing and discovering more about their environment. It exemplifies that organisms are in a position of differentiating between the disparities in their environment and then recollecting them (Faulkander, 1974, p.1002).
Factors Affecting Perceptual Learning
Perceptual learning refers to practice-induced improvements in the ability of an organism to carry out certain perceptual tasks. It is part of the process of learning that is based on conscious forms of learning. Perceptual learning leads to functional and structural changes in the primary sensory cortices of the organism. In the model of perceptual learning, subjects are presented by definite tasks like orientation discrimination, texture discrimination, motion direction discrimination or hyper acuity test. All living organisms including humans have habits. In a customary condition, there is tendency of orienting reactions to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented to decrease. Several factors impact perpetual learning with the most common ones being contrasting stimuli, transfer of stimuli and attention and feedback (Burns et al, 2007, p.84).
With a focus on contrasting stimuli, perpetual learning requires the identification of the relevant dimensions to discrimination. It is quite imperative to provide both negative and positive aspects of the stimuli to allow the subject to differentiate one stimulus from another. This will make sure that the subject in able to learn relevant stimuli. Perpetual learning that involves the transfer of stimuli from an easy one to a difficult stimulus entails initial experience. Easy discrimination facilitates learning of discrimination that appear to be quite difficult. Perpetual learning that regards attention and feedback involves learning that takes place without feedback on personal performance. If a given task entails distinguishing the similarities and disparities of stimuli, there is a higher chance that many people will be swayed towards the difference.
Impacts of Stimulus Exposure
Exposure to stimuli makes an organism to get used to the stimulus. Conscious processing of stimuli is not critical for one to be able to attain more impact from the exposure, which influences the way in which organisms repeatedly experience stimuli. There are some kinds of stimulus exposure that can create potentiated startle in the event of a magnified startle response. Potentiated startle is achieved from coupling aversive stimuli with conditioned stimuli. It refers to a reflex action that involves senses like touch, hearing, smell, and sight. The technique of potential startle increases the natural startle response of an organism. An ideal example is seen when a rat is exposed to a loud voice that appears suddenly. Upon hearing the sound, the muscles of the rat will contract and if sufficiently startled, the rat may even end up throwing itself up in the air. The magnitude of the startle will go up as the rat jumps higher. Habituation also results from the exposure of stimulus and has been discussed in the concept of habituation (Janiszewski, 1993, p. 377).
Priming is an effect of exposure to stimuli that facilitates the processing of information. It occurs when stimulus presentation enhances the process that entails stimulus with close relationships. In priming, the stimulus is memorized after its presentation. The best example of priming is seen when two people are locked in a conversation on a particular subject. When one narrates a story to you based on the level of enjoyment that he or she has experienced from watching TV after buying a satellite dish. It often occurs that the word dish will stick in the mind for longer than satellite. The next time that you hear about the word dish, your mind is likely to remember satellite dish instead of dish served at dinner compared to a person who was not part of the conversation involving a satellite dish. Initial exposure to unknown stimuli creates neophobia, which refers to the fear of new tastes, food or odors. Neophobia will reduce as a person gets more experience (Janiszewski, 1993 p. 378).
Practical Application of Simple Stimulus Learning
Simple stimulus learning can be applied in real-life situations. An ideal example is the impulsive jolting chill that is experienced when one jumps into a pool of water. The sensory neurons present in the skin will send temperature-related information to the brain. The brain will then undertake the interpretation and relay information that the water is cold. As time advances, the sensory neurons will be drained and the chilling sensation will be weakened. The cold water will then eventually feel nearly warm. Another example of simple stimulus learning is seen when people eat luscious foods. The flavor of the food will remain very strong but in the event that it is held in the mouth for long without swallowing, the strong flavor will disappear. This proves that habituation to the sensation of flavor occurred.
Conclusion
Learning involves acquiring new knowledge through the exposure of various stimuli in a person’s own environment. The behavior of organisms is the result of learning to respond to stimuli. Habituation entails decline in response after continuous introduction of unconditioned stimuli in an environment. Perceptual learning is impacted by transfer of stimulus, contrasting stimuli, and attention and feedback of the stimulus. Stimulus exposure produces potentiated startle, priming, habituation, neophobia and mere exposure impact as behavioral result which is important in the process of learning.
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- Published in college papers
Writing Essay on Religion
Religion
Islam, Christianity and Judaism
Introduction
Ever since the fateful 9/11 terror attacks in America, Islam as a religion has been regarded with suspicion and received condemning remarks from almost every corner of the world because of the association of terrorism to Islam. Subsequent terror attacks perpetrated by Muslim jihadists in various parts of the world have also raised suspicion on anyone who professes Islam as a religion. These forms of violence have resulted in worldwide misconception of the beliefs and values of the Islamic religion (Curtis, 2010). Of relevance is the fact that Islam, just like Christianity and Judaism, is not only founded and practiced in the middle east, as commonly believed by most Americans. There are many other parts of of the world where the Islamic religion is practiced and these include Africa, Asia, Europe, America and many Arab countries. In such regions and countries, Islamic teachings have helped to shape different cultures while simultaneously being shaped by these cultures. These paper seeks to understand how Islamic teachings are practiced in different parts and cultures of the world as well as establish the differences these teachings and those held in Christianity and Judaism. Additionally, the paper will also examine the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims based on Islamic teachings.
Islamic teaching and their interpretations in different countries and cultures
Islam is a monotheist religion which regards the Qur’an as the final and complete word of God and thus the main source of its teachings. In Islam Allah is revered as the only deity while the prophet Mohammad is Allah’s last prophet hence regarded highly in the religion. Muslims worship in mosques and believe in angels whom they regard as pure and sinless, having been created from light. In Islam angels are immortal beings whose main purposes are to serve as a link between man and Allah as well as act as guardians of humans and record their deeds on earth. Angels are also unique and sinless because unlike men, they find it compelling and wiser to obey God hence are incapable of unbelief and sin ( Pal, 2011). Islam is founded upon five important pillars which are to be practiced by all believers. The first of these pillars is the Shahada, which in itself is an affirmation that Allah is the only deity to be worshiped and the attestation that the Muhammad was his last prophet and messenger.
By making this affirmation, a believer chooses monotheism and embraces the teaching of prophet Muhammad and accepts Allah as the only deity (Malbouisson, 2006). Salat which means prayer is the second pillar and stipulates the general features of prayer according to Islam. Such features direct that Muslims must pray five times daily. Prayers are conducted in the morning, noon, mid-afternoon, at sunset and during the evening. During prayer, it is necessary for one to perform Raq’ah, which entails bowing down and prostrating as a sign of worship and total submission to Allah. In addition to these, Muslims are also to perform ablutions as a symbol of purification and this is practiced differently in different cultures and countries through washing the face, feet and hands using either water or sand. Qiblah is also another feature of prayer that individuals pray while facing Mecca. This pillar of prayer also requires believers to carry out private prayers also known as Du’a although these are consideredless important compared to communal prayers (Malbouisson, 2006).
Zakat is the third pillar under Islamic teachings and this requires believers to give alms for purposes of charity. Muslims are to give offerings called Saddaqah and this pillar also compels members of the Islamic religion to donate 2.5% of their annual income towards religious causes and also helping needy Muslims.Saum or fasting is the fourth pillar in Islam and is observed by Muslim faithfuls in remembrance of the revelation of the Qur’an during the holy month of Ramadan. During this month Muslims fast and keep themselves clean for a month until ‘Id al-Fitir which marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of the following month. Muslims who face medical problems are allowed to postpone the fasting to a later date or period. Hajj or the Pilgrimage to Mecca is the fifth and final pillar of Islamic religion and it requires every Muslim who is financially able to make a trip to Mecca at least once during their lifetime (Pal, 2011). This pillar is significant as it teaches Muslims the daily activities that make an honorable life based on Islamic religion. During Hajj Muslimfaithfuls are required to don white garments and refrain from wearing jewelry or engaging in sexual intercourse and unnecessary arguments.
These five pillars of Islam have enhanced and transformed cultures in both Muslim populated countries such as Saudi Arabia and in countries that regard Islam as controversial like the United States. For instance, Chicago hosts a Muslim nonprofit humanitarian organization called the Zakat Foundation of America which aims to alleviate poverty and human suffering in diverse areas. This tax-exempt religious and charitable organization has gained international repute for having served needy and poor Muslims both within and outside the US hence showing that despite the controversial beliefs and regards of Islam by American, it plays an important role in poverty alleviation and fosters philanthropic acts.Zakatis a principle embedded within the Islamic religion which promotes cheerful giving (Curtis, 2010).
Of all the contentious issues in Islamic teachings, Jihad is regarded as the most controversial. In fact, Islam has been defined as a violent religion by people all over the world due to the information and knowledge they possess concerning jihad. Jihad is mainly defined as a holy war and in the Arabic language it simply means to struggle or to exhaust one’s effort with an aim of pleasing Allah. Nevertheless, Muslims have from time immemorial disagreed on the exact meaning of this concept. Some Islam clerics believe that the military meaning of the Jihad was coined when Islamic states were fighting for independence from colonialism (Malbouisson, 2006). For instance, the war by Pakistan against India, was linked to the jihad concept in the sense that Muslim faithfuls were fighting for political liberation of Islamic states such as Pakistan. Jihad in this respect is defined from an anti-colonialism perspective.
On the other hand, jihad as an Islamic concept and practice has been given diverse meanings by Muslims and Islamic radicals all over the world. Extremist groups and Islamic radicals such as Al Qaeda have chosen to focus solely on the violent struggle against domination, from outside Islamic states and oppression within such states by resisting any forms of perceived or existing injustices, political, cultural, social, economic or military assault on Islamic states (Bonner, 2006). Despite attracting great controversy, these groups have chosen to continually attach the violent meaning to jihad and perpetrate violent attacks to countries that they believe to have violated their beliefs and rights. The United States is one of the countries that has consistently been threatened by such violent attacks meted out by militant jihadists and Islamic extremists who regard the country as an enemy given their pursuits for dominance and assault of Arabic countries. These violent attacks has affected relationship betweenAmerican Muslims, Christians in US and American citizens from other denominations and religions (Pal, 2011).
The true Islamic teachings on Jihad condemn and refute the violent misinterpretation of this concept and they regard this misconception of the Holy War as a deliberate attempt by Muslim radicals to force their fellow practicing Muslims to embrace extreme doctrines that have been expressly prohibited in the Islamic religion. Essentially conceptual meaning of Jihad emphasizes on the struggle to perform good acts and eliminate all forms of injustices and evil from oneself and the society at large. Such efforts are not physical or violent in nature but can be economic, social or even political. As a matter of fact, one of the greatest form of Jihad is when a faithful stands before a tyrant and speaks the truth concerning his leadership methods. Self control and restraining oneself from committing wrong acts are also regarded as forms of Jihad. Islamic religion therefore does not acknowledge or uphold war as the only possible meaning of the concept of Jihad. In fact, numerous meanings of the term do not include violent acts of terrorism (Bonner, 2006).
In 1947, Pakistan became the first Islamic state which defined aligned its political, economic and social ideologies with the teachings of Islam. The financial and political institutions in Pakistan reveal the influence of local culture and Islamic values in shaping and defining corporate social responsibility. The United Arab Emirates is also another country wherecorporate social responsibility is largely drawn from cultural values that are embedded within Islamic teachings and values. As two of the countries with the highest Muslim populations in the world, Indonesia and India are not Islamic states yet many of their cultural practices and values, including language and social aspects such as dress codes and relations of the different genders, are derived from Islamic teachings (Pal, 2011).
Islamic teachings contrasted with Christianity and Judaism
Judaism, Islam and Christianity are all monotheistic religions which share the belief in one God. All these faiths regard peace as a central belief and this is evident in their modes of greetings which historically connote the similar meaning of the phrase “Peace be upon you.” The greeting “Shalom Aleichem” in Judaism, “Pax Vobiscum” in Christianity and “Salaam Aleikum” in Islam all share a common meaning even though they are used and meant primarily for members of the respective faiths. Additionally, all these faiths believe in the existence of Angels who are responsible for communicating messages from God to mankind through prophets (Catherwood, 2007).
Despite these common similarities, Judaism, Christianity and Islam have distinct disparities hat sharply distinguish each religious belief and practice from the other. All the three religions differ from each other based on the founders that started them. For Islam, the prophet Mohammad is regarded as the founder and is taught in the madrassa as the true messenger or prophet of God. Christianity on the other hand is is based on the belief in Jesus Christ who is the founder who came to Earth and died to deliver every sinner in the world. In Islamic teachings, Jesus is viewed as any other prophet but in Christianity, he is the main messenger of God and was actually God’s son. The founder of Judaism is Abraham, the father of faith who is also taught about in Christian teachings in the bible (Catherwood, 2007).
Even though Judaism, Islam, and Christianity all uphold monotheism, Christianity practices this concept om a different manner. While Christianity is based on monotheistic concepts, Christian teachings state that God exists in trinity as the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. This differs from the concept of monotheism practiced in Islam and Judaism in the sense that both Islamic and Judaism teachings stress on absolute monotheism with Islam observing the worship of none but Allah while Judaism affirms the worship of Yahweh only (Catherwood, 2007).
All these faiths base their teachings on holy books yet names and content ascribed to them are different. Islamic teachings are derived from the Qur’an which is considered the holy book that was written by Muhammad for around two decades. Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the final revelation from God (Allah) to mankind on how to live by Islamic precepts while on earth. Christianity on the other hand bases its teachings on the Bible which was written by many prophets and disciples of Jesus Christ who were inspired by God. For Christians, the Bible is regarded as the holy word from God. Like Christians, Judaism also uses a part of the Bible to derive its teachings and principles. The Hebrew Tanakh, is the Judaism holy book which is similar to the Old Testament of the Bible. This book contains the Ten Commandments which form the Hebrew Law combined with other prophetic writings that are used as a basis for teaching Judaism (Catherwood, 2007).
Additionally, these religions have rituals but all of them differ. Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum and Hajj are the main pillars in which Islamic rituals are embedded. Amongst the rituals that are performed by Christianity include baptism, providing sacraments and Holy Communion as well as anointing of the sick among others. Christian denominations also perform different rituals(Jacobs, 2009)
Conclusion
Like Judaism, Christianity and other religions, Islam is defined by certain principles and teachings that are essential in the defining its true followers. Despite controversial stances taken by extremist groups such as Al Qaeda and the adoption of belligerent connotations of certain Islamic principles and teachings such as Jihad, peace remains an essential aspect of Islam. Implementation of these five pillars, by Muslims across the world has shaped political, economic and religious cultures in different countries. Pakistan for instance is governed by Islamic principles hence these teachings define and influence the cultural values of the state. In the Middle East, countries like the United Arab Emirates have developed economically by following Islamic beliefs and principles.
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Public Policy Analysis Sample Essay
Public Policy
Public Policy in the Field of Public Administration
Public policy refers to the act by government to address certain problems affecting members of the public. Various governmental organizations formulate and implement public policy so as to address issues affecting the public. Besides, public administration defines the process of implementing public policy. Therefore, public policy fits quite well in the field of public administration; the study of public administration enables one to acquire knowledge on how to manage organizations, public policy analysis and solving public problems. Public administration involves professional experts for the development of sound public policies that can help in solving, easing or preventing the problems.
Public administration requires skills like budgeting, research and management, which are important in the implementation of government policy. A public administrator oversees the design and execution of government policies. Public policy is just one among the various pillars of public administration. Other pillars include human resource, statistics and ethics. The public administrators are legislators, mayors, public servants among others. This fits well in the agenda of public policy. For instance, a mayor seeks legislation on public policy and undertakes its implementation for the benefit of the general public.
Co-Relation between a Public Policy and a Public Problem
A public problem can be defined as any crisis that affects the public including scarce resources, natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, and famines), poor physical condition (health), social problems, economic crisis, and poverty among several others. Over the years, it has been the responsibility of the public administrators to integrate efforts and approaches to solving problems. As a result of this, the public administration uses experts to create sound public policies aimed at solving, easing or preventing the mentioned problems. Professionals with experience help the administrators to build and establish the necessary infrastructure so as to curb the issues (Dunn, 2012).
The first step towards the mitigation of public problem is realizing that the situation can be altered. Even though public management is different from public analysis, certain public policy programs borrow skills and practices from both systems in order to enhance decision-making and leadership. A good analysis is required before the application of professional skills in the formulation and implementation of public policy. This will make sure that the policy is effective when applied (Egonmwan, 1991). For example, poverty is a renowned public problem that is complex and has a lot of controversies with regards to its causes, methods of eradication and measures. Thus, public policy that ensures public economic growth would be an ideal way of fighting poverty.
The benchmark of public policy in handling public problems is comprehensive analysis by the practitioners that supports effective collection of data, evaluation of reports and solution of complex issues. Public policy planners must have skills like critical thinking, problem solving and analysis (Dunn, 2012).
Concepts of Political Socializing and Political Culture
Political culture is defined as the attitudes, ideas, feelings and values that the people for the government, politics and their role in the political arena. It can also refer to the beliefs, behaviors, customs and distinguishing features of a political system. Political culture explains the way in which people view the political systems around them. It goes beyond just opinions and involves the ways of living based on political beliefs, and also gives a reflection on the things that the people are willing and capable of integrating. It directs the general political viewpoint of the people and is usually constant in nature. Political culture gives the implication that people know their rights, duties and responsibilities as well as expectations (Ethridge & Handleman, 2012). It should also be noted that political systems vary from one country to another, and does not necessarily suggest that people from the same community have similar opinions. Nevertheless, the approaches of these people to political issues are in a way, similar.
Political socializing on the other hand refers to the process of the development of political values, ideas, beliefs and opinions in every member of a given society. On other terms, it can be defined as the process of developing a political culture. It refers to what people learn through social media and interactions with one another. Compared to political culture that is generally applied, political socializing focuses on individuals. It implies upbringing and interactions. It uses agents of socializing to influence the people’s political culture. The primary and secondary agents of this concept include family and the media respectively (Ethridge & Handelman, 2012).
Difference between institutional and Racial Politics
Racial politics is defined as the exploitation of the issues of race in advancing political agenda. A nation that exercises racial politics has a political party that is representative of racial groups. In a system like this, not all the races are included in one party. For instance, Malaysia practiced racial politics for 51 years. Therefore, it is not easy to find a hero from Malaysia since heroism is linked to a particular race like the Malaysian Indian or Malaysian Chinese. In the United States, a social rift existed along racial lines. The second-class citizenship and racial divide that governed the African Americans during the regime of the former federal governments have resulted into racial systems across the states (Kinder & Sanders, 1996).
On the contrary, institutional politics is a system of governorship that is balanced and does not restrict the freedom of individual citizens and is based on the consent of the people who participated in its formulation. It is focused on reducing the level of oppression of governments on the minor members of a society (Amenta, 2000). For example, institutional politics in the United States ensures that power is shared between the national government and the states. Institutional politics is mainly governed by the constitution that outlines the rules and defines the way in which power should be shared among political institutions.
Relevance of Grassroots Mobilization in Public Policy
Grassroots mobilization defines the process of encouraging political belief, ideas and values of a community (Hochstetler, 1993). The act is still relevant in influencing political party because it enhances the development of s stronger base for making their issues to be heard by the legislators. Today, organizations, associations and politicians are using grassroots mobilization for influencing public policies, and various groups to influence the opinions of the masses concerning issues. Several tactical strategies are commonly used in the mobilization, like holding press conferences or issuance of press releases. Besides, the increase in the use of social media like Facebook and Twitter makes it cheaper, easier and fast to initiate grassroots mobilization.
It usually occurs that the concerns of those seeking legislation vary from those of the public. This makes grassroots mobilization critical in changing the community’s opinion towards a particular avenue (Schafft, 1999). For example, the public holds the perception that crime is the first problem followed by economic growth and then international affairs. On the other hand, mobilizes listed health as the first issue followed by environmental conservation. Even though grassroots mobilization has greatly altered the manner of communication, it remains focused on addressing the same issues as it was many years ago.
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Writing an Essay on Divorce
Divorce
Divorce is one of the main problems that have penetrated today’s society and has negative effects on societies economically, socially and psychologically especially for the parties involved. Economically, parties involved in divorce litigation which has financial implications and may ultimately cost the wealthier couples more when they have to divide their property. Socially, a person may be viewed as a failure especially if they go through more than one divorce. This may have psychological effects on such persons as they go through criticism and the pain of divorce. Additionally, where children are involved, they may suffer psychological toll after the divorce. Children may also exacerbate divorce legal battles as parents seek custody and this may result in the children choosing sides in certain cases. This can be psychologically tumultuous for the children and cause strain between parents. This can result in emotional, psychological and legal battles. Although in most cases women are given custody of children, there are instances where men are awarded custodial rights. This can cause devastation for the women and divorce can be even more complicated in same sex families.
Divorce has suddenly become a very important issue that needs to be urgently addressed because of the frequency with which divorce cases are occurring. The fact that divorce negatively affects children also makes it important for society to prevent it. According to statistics from the
U.S. Census Bureau, one in every two marriages end up in divorce (McCurley & McCurley 1). In the United States, the estimates of first marriages that end up in separation of divorce range between 40-50%. This estimate grows even larger to stand at 60% for second marriages (Hawkins & Fackrell 42). The past five decades have seen an escalation of divorce as compared to the 1970s and 1980s.
Regardless of the soaring rates of divorce, the importance of marriage cannot be overlooked especially considering that it has been attributed to increasing couple’s lifespan. McCurley & McCurley states that “married people live longer, suffer fewer health ailments, have higher net worth and are sexier than single people” (1). The need to stay married is not only for purposes of safeguarding the welfare of children in the picture but also enhancing the overall well-being of the couples involved. This makes it imperative for any forward-thinking society to foster lasting solutions that deal with divorce related concerns.
Professional help through marriage counseling is considered one of the plausible solutions that couples can take in a bid to salvage their marriage. During marriage counseling, the counselors usually assist the parties involved to explore the main causes of their problems and possible solutions to them. Marriage counselors often use their knowledge and understanding of human behavior and psychology to help couples resolve their problems and sustain their marriage. Through counseling, couples are given a platform for interacting with a neutral third party, in this case the counselor, who not only points out their individual weaknesses and wrongdoings, but also helps each one see the best in the other.
Any relationship and marriage in particular is a union between two people who mutually consented to being together. This makes it pertinent for these two parties to come up with effective solutions when their relationship or marriage encounters challenges. In most cases, problems arise when the couple stops communicating and spend more time with other people or pursuing parallel goals. This makes it essential for the couple to come up with tailored solutions that are fit for resuscitating their partnership. . It is therefore logical to say, “Your relationship will improve when you stop working at changing your mate and warmly allow your mate to be whoever they are” (McDonald & Jackson, 15). Couples can thus keep their marriage intact by accepting their partners as they are and working together.
While lack of commitment is one of the reasons why about 73% of couples divorce, sexual infidelity tops the list as the commonest cause for divorce (Hawkins & Fackrell 44). Lack of commitment may arise when couples ignore gaping problems in their union because of other commitments that consume their time and energy. Additionally, some couples tend to encounter this problem because they push aside the contentious issues in their marriage. Ultimately, failure to communicate stalls a relationship and reduces commitment between the parties. By working out their issues, couples can use communication as an important tool in resolving their differences (Amato & Previti 605).
In the face of a turbulent relationship, women will often be seen to be more vocal than the men because by nature, they observe their relationships more keenly (Amato & Previti 605). Men, on the other hand, often withdraw from conversation and avoid discussing the concerns in their relationships. This culminates into women initiating divorce procedures against them. On the other hand, males tend to withdraw from discussions concerning relationships, and the more reason why women initiate divorce. Open communication is therefore the best way for working through marriage problems and avoiding divorce. Even though consulting with third parties such as marriage counselors may offer viable solutions, the longer lasting solutions are those that are initiated by the couple after intimate discussions and mutual agreements. Third parties may also not receive support from both couples and hence their solutions may not be viable in every marriage.
Lac of communication between married couples is viewed as extremely dangerous as it creates loopholes for other factors such as infidelity, which may lead to divorce. Infidelity being the number one cause for divorce is perceived differently by the sexes. Whereas women feel that emotional infidelity is wrong, men perceive sexual infidelity as negative. According to research, 71% of unfaithful men and 49% of unfaithful women state that infidelity arises as a result of ineffective communication concerning sexual needs between couples (Norhtrup et al).
In order to avoid divorce, couples must endeavor to work things out by committing to each other and communicating openly about their concerns in the relationship. Research shows that most divorcees wished they would have resolved their differences and avoided divorce. Even though infidelity is a major cause for divorce, lack of commitment is the main reason why couples fail to resolve their differences. Despite the importance of marriage counselling in helping couples resolve their problems, a marriage can only be saved when the couple involved decides to communicate and work through their differences together.
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Writing Academic Paper on Terrorism
Terrorism
Though no universal definition exists for terrorism, there are some common elements in most of its definitions. Terrorism has been used by some of the nations that are powerful in implementation of their agendas throughout the world, particularly against individuals or states with different views from theirs. The purpose of this paper is exploring the definition of terrorism, the common components as well as illustrating how nations that are most powerful regulate international relationships through use of the term. Acts of terrorism were defined by these powerful nations to serve their interest by manipulating international relationships while at the same time distancing themselves from terrorism acts they actually carry out in disguise.
The UN General Assembly Resolution 49/60 defined terrorism as criminal acts that are aimed at provoking a state of terror within the public or especially groups of individuals or people for political purposes not justifiable in any manner (Nesi 26). The Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism defines it as any threat or act of violence regardless of the motives that occurs in advancement of criminal agenda that might be collective or individual in nature with the purpose of harming the environment, public, infrastructure or jeopardizing national resources (Amnesty International 27). The US defines terrorism as acts or activities that are life threatening that violate the US criminal laws or any other state with the major aim of intimidation or coercing civilian population, influencing the policies of a government or affecting government operation by the mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping (White 7). Some of the components that are common in the definitions include civilian, political motivation and violence.
Terrorism therefore is violent acts that are politically motivated targeting civilian population of a specific country and seeking to jeopardize the operations of government. Definition of the term, however, is connected to the level of the power of the country defining it like the US which often uses terrorism to manage relationships with other countries and criminal violent acts that target civilian population committed by allies of the US on other hostile groups are not viewed as terrorism (para 6-7).
Terrorism definitions are done by those who wage wars and are considered fitting when referring to enemies of terrorism while disregarding disastrous retaliation attack consequences as terrorism itself. The mandate of determining who terrorists are is upon powerful nations and they also determine whether they should be punished. These nations use terrorism to manage international relations in a manner that advances their interests. Their attacks which are state led are never viewed as terrorism acts but rather humanitarian efforts or self-defense acts as such, considering citizens affected from other countries as collateral damage.
The manner in which a government responds to terrorism acts is likely to lead to restriction of individual rights as well as human rights violation all in the name of national security. Such an instance was evident in Chile where the US government under rule of President Nixon participated in overthrowing the president of Chile, Salvador Allende who was heading a socialist government. The US offered support to opposition parties against his leadership and they even helped bomb the Chilean presidential palace, overthrowing the government and ending civilian rule. As a result of the coup, the commander-in –chief of Chilean army, Augusto Pinochet then become the president. Consequently, the US was in a position to access Chilean economy once more and they also trained Chilean army on how they could suppress insurgents as well as other opposition groups in Chile.
The program was known as the School of Americas and it provided military training to central and South American nation’s personnel who were disguised with the purpose of democracy protection. Under the dictatorship of Pinochet, disappearance of individuals and arbitrary arrest of individuals considered a threat were common and they especially targeted people who were affiliated with communist ideologies and parties. Graduates of the school are also among dictators who are most oppressive in Latin America with their actions as the most violent and inhuman across the globe (Gutierrez 138-140). This therefore makes the School of Americas a good example of state terrorism based on high incidences of violations of human rights undertaken by graduates from the school on civilians from their native countries. Countries like Venezuela and Bolivia no longer send military to these schools and as a result they are referred to as undemocratic by the US governments and viewed as potential threat to national security.
Such schools concerned with war on terror continue to exist after the 11th September attack though under different names while the emphasis is war on terror. The Army School of Americas currently operates under Western Hemispheric Institute for Security Cooperation name. Barker notes despite decline of non-state and state led violence against civilians in the last decade, the number of activity and investment that is related to counter-terrorism has risen significantly and range from terrorism research centers to collection of technology information as well as military and police units that are devoted to counter-terrorist operations (Para 2). The US has already violated privacy rights of a large number of people in the quest of collecting intelligence information via interception of communication since they are looked upon as potential terrorists (Charles para 6-7).
Such suspicion leads to in-depth interrogations which case physical or psychological torture, incrimination or other experiences that are life threatening of the individuals under suspicion (Mayer para 3-4). The US has also heavily invested in unmanned aircrafts used to gather terrorism information throughout the world most of which are based in Africa. Some of these aircrafts have been used in series of attacks said to target terrorist but they have terrorized civilians such that entire families have been killed in air strikes that target individuals merely suspected of being terrorists (Wolverton para 8-14).
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