Environmental Changes

New products in terms of yields that have an improved quality than before aid sustain development in a business corporation as well as safeguards the workers and stakeholders’ wellbeing. Companies improve the quality of their commodities because of environmental changes such as competition, technology or client liking.  These quality alterations of commodities guarantees that company stay competitive in the market making a corporate firm complete to be the topmost competitive company.

Corporations ought to be extremely cautious in the setting that their product utilization is as well as technological reforms specifically whether technologies can be utilized to enhance their commodities. On the other hand, company administrations ought to be inquisitive on the quality of the goods of the rivals to make sure that they are yet up in front of the competitive market. For example, the social media has had extensive competition because of advanced technologies being revealed regularly for example Facebook as well as Google+. Google+ has an amusing public search service for updates in comparison with Facebook. The whole Google+ flourishes on this search with developing terms in the use exposure (Stay, 2012, p. 88). Google+ developed its social network well in accord to advanced technologies as well as what clients need. The social network has a characteristic that portrays an improved manner to plan communication and associates.

The endowment of diverse services on Google+ has surged the number of clients both corporations and private entities to make their dealings smooth. Subscribers can advertise on diverse materials and data there are fascinated by, on social ads on Google+ through AdSens and this has made Facebook seem less advanced (Stay, 2012, p. 89). Companies ought to improve commodities in accord to corporations’ plans.

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Reference List

Stay, J. (2012). Google+ Marketing For Dummies. New York: Wiley.

American Red Cross

The American Red Cross is an organization that is quite interesting. It is very popular and highly recognized in the country. This is as a result of the work that the organization has done during times of disasters in various parts of the country, when the Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans. The American Red Cross has been on the center stage when it comes to raising funds for the recent humanitarian crisis in the Philippines. Its humanitarian work is what really interests me. Thus, I will do a study on the organization with a view of becoming one of its volunteers.

The American Red Cross was founded by Clara Burton in 1881 DC in Washington (Liudzius 1). Burton was touched by the global Red Cross movement that was inspired by the Swiss while visiting Europe. On her return to America, she campaigned for the formation of the organization. On her time of resignation, Clara Burton has headed the American Red Cross for 23 years. The organization attained its congressional charter in 1900 with the second one received five year later. After the onset of World War I, the membership of the organization grew exponentially (A brief History of the American Red Cross 1).

The American Red Cross is a charitable organization, which mainly relies on volunteers to carry out its activities. It undertakes crucial functions in the community. The organization has the objective of sheltering, feeding and counseling the victims of disasters across the nation. It also helps in the collection and provision of almost half of America’s blood supply. Besides, it also teaches life saving skills- first aid skills to members of the public who are interested. The organization is also mandated with supporting the members of the military and their families. On the other hand, it also goes a notch higher in offering material and emotional support to people who are victims of disasters.

The Red Cross operates on an open door policy. This is conducted by helping those who are undergoing trauma after disasters. It offers them emotional; support through the provision of counseling services and urgent material needs. The body also helps patients who are hospitalized by collecting blood across the country. It also assists military personnel by integrating them into the local community after completion of their duties. It also offers support to families of those who are in the military by giving them the support that they need.

The American Red Cross serves various purposes (What are the goals of the American Red Cross? 1). One of the goals of the organization is making sure that community services are availed to the needy locally. It also aims at providing international relief to people in need. It endeavors to prepare the populations for emergencies.

The organization provides relief services during national disasters by getting volunteers to offer help through building temporary shelters and distribution of food stuffs. It also aims at raising funds for the procurement of supplies for victims of disasters. The American Red Cross offers support to the locals who are poverty stricken. It undertakes this role by starting and running homeless centers where the poor are able to acquire places of sleep and food. The organization also offers mental health services and financial services to those who are in need.

With regards to the military, the organization supports them by making sure that separated families are able to stay in touch. It offers a means of communication between the officers who are in service and their families (Matza). The American Red Cross is among the main providers of blood in health facilities. It also collects blood through organizing blood donations across the country. In fact, statistics indicate that about four million Americans donate blood through the organization each year.

The American Red Cross is mainly focused on international relief (American Red Cross donates initial $6 million to typhoon Haiyan relief in the Philippines 1). In case there are disasters on any part of the world, the organization sensitizes the American population about the occurrences. It passes information to the public about the needs of those affected, and the extent of the disaster. It then organizes fund raising events. The organization further opens centers in the local community where people are able to give their donations of foodstuffs, clothing and anything else that they can give towards disaster relief. It then collects the donations and puts them in one place. The staffs who are mainly volunteers of the organization then create an inventory of all the donations that have been collected. It then gets in touch with the Red Cross chapter in the areas affected by disasters to make arrangements for the collection and transfer of the donations which are then sent to the affected areas to help in saving lives.

The Red Cross plays a significant role in the prevention and management of disasters. It has quite a number of training programs. The organization teaches people about the strategies of disaster management, and how to offer first aid to those affected. The training also involves aspects on the mode of behavior in times of crises. The training is of importance since it helps in preventing panic in the event of disasters. In such events, many people lose their lives as a result of panicking which results from stampedes. Lives can be saved if people stay calm in situations of pressure.

The activities that are conducted by members of the American Red Cross are many and vary based on the conditions. Members organize for blood donations by distributing flyers showing the venues and times for the blood drives. The organization sends its members to handle the blood collection in the various centers. These representatives help in the welcoming ad registration of donors. Those with some medical training expertise undertake the blood collection process. The members of the organization are facilitators and offer training to the public on matters of public safety and disaster management. Besides, they also run local shelters, and assist in the collection and transportation of donations to the final collection points.

Members of the Red Cross are immediate counselors to victims of disasters. They also offer first aid services to those who are injured during crises. Members can volunteer to help in the distribution of relief across the world. This occurs in cases whereby the disasters are of a large magnitude that the local agencies are unable to contain on their own. Members carry out advocacy campaigns to inform the general population about the activities of the American Red Cross and recruitment.

Members of the organization also assist in conveying information from the army personnel to their families back at home. They can get in contact with the Red Cross chapters in various countries with which American forces are in conflict in order to provide information from the prisoners of war. Since the Red Cross is not politically motivated, its members are able to go into war zones without being molested. Combatants offer safe conduct for the members of Red Cross. This is important in making sure that prisoners of war get the care that they need. The members of the organization are also instrumental in organizing community initiatives like the enhancement of safety and health conditions.

The main mission of the Red Cross is to prevent and alleviate human sufferings in times of emergencies. The extent of the human suffering is however, varied. Due to this, the organization requires volunteers from various fields. It needs mental health professionals to provide counseling to victims of disaster. The Red Cross collects a considerable amount of money from volunteers. Therefore, it requires volunteers with expertise on finances to assist in accounting of the collected funds. The organization offers first line care services for victims of disasters, and therefore requires doctors to handle this mandate.

The donations that are collected from fund drives are to be transported. This means that the organization requires volunteers with experience in hauling. The blood drives also require health professionals who are also willing to donate blood. There are just but some of the examples of the volunteers that are required by the organization. On conclusion, it should be noted that the American Red Cross requires any healthy adult with a passion for helping. The professional background is not considered in this drive. Instead it enriches the organization since varied talents can always find an area to fit in within the organization.

More than 95% of the American Red Cross’ workforce is made up of volunteers. As a result of this, the kinds of people who work for the organization are derived from various backgrounds and with different competencies. The organization has got a small core of permanent employees. These are people who are passionate about the humanitarian cause. The volunteers also have different qualifications to help them serve in areas where they are well conversant with. The American Red Cross is a national body with a presence in all the states. In fact, its presence is also felt in the counties and local communities where it offers the required care.

I have a background in accounting and office management. I believe that if I get the chance of joining the American Red Cross, I am able to make contributions to the organization in a way that will be beneficial. I can help in blood drives by setting up the tents in a friendly and inviting manner so as to attract more people to donate blood. Besides, I can also assist in the local Red Cross office by offering my accounting expertise to help in balancing the accounting books. Based on my office management experience, I can also volunteer to run the front office in the local Red Cross office.

I can also volunteer in raining awareness about the organization’s activities. This can help in increasing the awareness about the work of the organization in my city. Through this advocacy, I believe that I can persuade quite a number of people to also volunteer to work for the American Red Cross. It is my belief that the organization requires more local offices for easy accessibility to the people. If I get the opportunity, I would first propose the setting up of a local office for the organization. I am confident that I can set up and run a new office for the American Red Cross.

I believe that working for the organization would positively impact my life. Working together with people who are in dire need is a step towards developing a sense of direction. I have spent my entire life in similar environments, surrounded with friends. Working for the American Red Cross will be an opportunity for learning a lot. It will enable me to meet new people in new environments and also make new acquaintances. Volunteering with the organization will accord me the opportunity of travelling around the country. If I am lucky, I may even get the chance of travelling abroad for humanitarian mission. Such are great life-enriching experiences.

My terms of working with the American Red Cross would be on the basis of a volunteer. However, there is a chance of practicing my professional skills as an accountant while also volunteering with the organization. This can be a great opportunity for growing my professional competence by gaining experience from the field. Besides, it will also help me in becoming a better accountant and office manager. The work of a volunteer provides an opportunity for me to enhance my job prospects as a result of the experience that I am likely to acquire, that could be included in my Curriculum Vitae.

I have a passion in helping others. I am open-minded and also very kind. I have the ability of empathizing with people who are in trouble. Thus, I believe that if given the opportunity to interact with people who are faced with problems, I can be able to inspire their lives in a positive way. People who go through difficult times require understanding and empathy. Those are attributes that I believe I have the ability of conveying. Based on the background that I have in accounting, I can assist people who are experiencing hard economic circumstances to make better economic choices in the times to come.

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Works Cited

“A brief history of the American Red Cross.” 12 Oct. 2012. Web 29 Nov. 2013                 <www.wbmac.amedd.army.mil/Departments/OtherServices/AmericanRedCross/history.a  spx>

“American Red Cross donates initial $ 6 million to typhoon Haiyan relief in the Philippines.”           2013. Web 29 Nov. 2013 <www.kbzk.com/news/american-red-cross-donates-initial-6-       million-to-typhoon-haiyan-relief-in-the-philippines/

“What are the goals of the American Red Cross?” eHow.2013. Web 29 Nov. 2013                 <www.ehow.com/facts_4867451_what-goals-american-red-cross.html>

Liudzius, R. “The woman who founded the Red Cross: Clara Barton.” Masslive. 6 Nov. 2013.       Web 29 Nov. 2013 <www.masslive.com/red-cross-             connection/index.ssf/2013/22/the_woman_who_started_it_all_c.html>

Matza, M. “One man’s story shows Red Cross work reconnecting families.” The Inquirer. 28           Nov. 2013. Web 29 Nov. 2013 <www.philly.com.news/nation_world/?wss=/philly/news//nation_world&id=233686671    &>

Islamophobia

Today’s society comprises of populations from different economic, religious and social backgrounds hence, quite diverse. The diversity plays a very crucial role in cushioning people and supporting social grown from negative impact of social problems. To enjoy peaceful coexistence, members of the society have to be tolerant at all times bearing in mind that societal survival is threatened by unnecessary conflicts.

Any form of prejudice as well as discrimination denies part of global population an opportunity to share the natural resource base. Therefore, from an ethical point of view, discriminatory practices are considered unjust and immoral. This is based on the fact that they do not allow populations to benefit from their entitlements as well as their rights. In this regard, this paper offers a clear and in-depth analysis of islamophobia concepts.

After defining islamophobia, the paper also discusses a different practice that is manifested currently as well as the impact it has on affected groups. Lastly, the paper explains several measures that can be adopted to use to address the concern and to ensure peaceful coexistence between the people.

Definition

Lean (2012:23) in his research study explains Islamophobia as an irrational and powerful fear or dislike of Islamic religion. Islamophobia according to Lean attacks followers by perpetuating prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination and hatred amongst them. Essentially, Islamophobia is a kind of religion based resentment and it encourages people.

Proponents of Muslim religion also present Faithfull as people who are highly resistant to change. From the point of view in regards to the western culture, the religion is an extremist, inferior, primitive and irrational (Kumar, 2012). These are prepositions that enhance hostilities against devotees and in the end, results in their exclusion from the society. In this regard, practices that are anti-Muslim are known globally to be normal and hence, live in line with social, political, religious and moral values that ensure the society stays put. It is a move that affects the afflicted individuals negatively.

Causes

There are many causes of Islamophobia. Weller (2006:295) believes that ignorance of the religion by non-Muslim societies is one of the reasons that have contributed a great deal to the current state of affairs. In this relevance, non-muslims do not truly understand ethics and values of the religion. They also presume that it promotes hatred and violence towards non-believers.

This is a believer against practices and western ideals that global community consider highly instrumental for harmonious co-existence and living.  There is also misconception and it propagates discrimination based on the fact that Muslims are considered to be anti-social.

The other cause of Islamophobia according to Igbal (2010:82) is poor reporting that Muslim nations are victims of violent attacks pursued by Islam extremist groups. The media and political leaders state that Muslim states have not be disseminating and reporting factual information in regards to any violent attack. This has made the global community strongly believe that Muslims are perpetrators of the attacks and not victims.

Similarly, incitements by groups, organizations and individuals contribute to Islamophobia. In this regard, Igbal (2010: 83), states that there are different groups globally whose sole intentions are to cause and spread cross religious violence and intolerance. By perpetuating such acts in certain geographical regions for example, they are in a position to access different resources especially in the affected areas and benefit a great deal from them.

However, they cannot achieve this objective under peaceful coexistence. Since it is also globally known that many extremist groups embrace Islam, they take advantage of this to create violent conditions. The media is additionally known to play a role in the rise of prejudice and discrimination against Muslims. Khalil (2013: 87) believes that western media have played a crucial role in the growing number of people who are hurt and insulted by Muslims.

They use the strategy to achieve their economic and social interests. By perpetuating hatred amongst believers, western countries have also had an opportunity to speak out their ideals and remain highly competitive. What’s more, with the fact that the media is highly influential and powerful tool, it makes it easy to convince global population that Islam is an inferior and irrational religion.

Additionally, Lean (2012:92) also assumes that there is no legal binding instrument that presently addresses the concern. This has led to increased perpetuation of statements that incite religious and intercultural intolerance. Individuals across the globe are also free to spread false information on a certain religion as well as its cultural values that people hold in the same regard.

What’s more, the go unpunished and as a result, they consider the practice to be socially acceptable. Debates have also emerged on intolerance and religious discrimination that are more confined to the elite group in the society. In other words, a good percentage of global population doesn’t really understand different forms of religious intolerance and its impact on wellbeing of those affected.

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Grass root populations are also unaware of statuses and public dialogues of these vital debates. Therefore, the objective of the malpractice has prevented them from achieving objective and rational decisions related to the malpractice (Weller, 2006). The political groups are also not willing to engage in dialogues aimed at resolving the issue amicably (Bleich, 2011). In this regard, it is worth noting and appreciating the fact that political classes are influential and authoritative.

Political classes are also responsible for creating laws and regulations that guide an individual’s behavior in different ways. Political class by showing reluctance in addressing the issue promotes its growth in the society. It also gives room for perpetrators to continue with their mission and at all levels.

Finally, following the September 11 attack, there has been exacerbation of many anti-Muslim tendencies in the global society. Muslim involvement in such event also intensified generalizations and stereotypes against Muslims. What’s more, the global community and population employ the use of collective punishment for the Islamic community focusing on adherents to be violent thus, associating them at all times with terrorist activities.

Manifestation

Manifestation of Islamophobia in the current society manifests itself in different ways and in different ways. Besides social agencies, the media, political and religious leaders are also known to perpetuate the malpractice in different ways. In his study, Bleich (2011: 1583), he cites a renowned figure in Italy who planned a competition aimed at choosing the most beautiful pig.

The event organizer considered mosques as the best locations used by perpetrators to recruit terrorists who engage in violent crimes. These remarks were no doubt unfounded and the event was derogatory. It was also insulting to the Muslim community and it underestimated the fact that there are certain society facets that are ignorant of the virtues and values advocated for by Muslims.

Danish caricatures are also a classic indication of hostility towards the Islamic religion (Buehler, 2011). The caricatures of Prophet Muhammad were not only provocative but also insulting and discriminatory. These were additionally accompanied by inflammatory remarks and publications. Instead of speaking peace, making the commentaries led to social unrest and violence. Even though western governments regretted over the matter later on, they did not make any step to prevent a re-occurrence.

Such practices have continued to undermine and unabated sustainable peace. They are also pursued under the pretense of freedom of expression. The degree of negativity and hostility towards Islamic religion is additionally manifested on different types of media. Besides social media, there are also a good number of scholars that closely relate Islam to violence (Kumar, 2012).

Additionally, influential social leaders, political leaders and policy proposals portray the Islam as a religion that backs up violent practices. Therefore, the media truly succeed in convincing global populations that Islam is an extremist religion based on such speeches and publications directed at large target audience. The remarks shape up the society’s attitude.

Lean (2012:93) in his review indicates that media personalities use print and film media to propagate islamophobia. The films they present to the audience confirm that many global terror events were and are planned by Muslims. In this regard, they discriminate against and hate adherents to Muslim religion.  Similarly, Poynting (2007:66) indicates that Islamophobia manifests itself through workplace discrimination.

There is also a lot of statistical evidence that confirms that since the September 11 attack of the pentagon, Muslims in different western countries have continued to live or struggle with unemployment (Igbal, 2010). Many companies as a matter of fact are not willing to employ Muslim followers despite their qualifications. This is a fact that has had a great impact on the financial or economic well being and quality of life lived by the individuals.

It is a fact that prevents Muslims from actively participating in formal employment and benefiting from opportunities presented by the society. On the other hand, political leaders are known to promote Islamophobia in different ways. Use of derogatory remarks when making public address in rallies is also not willing to cooperate with them in pursuit of economic objectives and goals. Through the speeches, they also inform the public that Islam embraces radicalism.

Muslim settlers are also faced with many challenges emanating from Islamophobia. Sheehi and Churchill (2011:89) states that there are western countries that introduce stringent regulations and laws that prohibit Muslims from exercising their cultural rights comfortably. For example, Muslim émigrés are prevented from putting on or using their religious attires and symbols publicly on the premise on claims that they cause culture clash.

Laws from Denmark and Netherlands among other such western countries have laws created to prevent Muslims from having cultural centers or erecting religious symbols public places (Igbal, 2010). Governments of such countries arguably consider Muslim as a religion that promotes values that disregard its legal provisions. They also fear the fact that expansion and growth of Muslim across the globe can undermine harmonious living. Muslim immigrants also find it very difficult to gain entry into certain countries. This is largely attributed to the fact that there is widespread fear that they engage in terrorist activities. Moreover, law enforcement agencies in many countries across the globe use the attribute in criminal reporting.

Islamophobia in modern day society is also demonstrated in many ways and fundamentally aim at alienating Muslims from the society. The negativity and hostility related to islamophobia prevents people from appreciating and understanding desirable attributes and values of Muslim religion upholds. This is a fact that has a negative impact on the welfare and functioning of the global society.

Effects

Gottschalk and Greenberg (2007:114) also points out that the concept prevents Muslims from participating in cultural, economic and political activities held in the society. For example, their needs and demands are not addressed adequately by political leaders. Negative attitudes from the public also do not give Muslims an opportunity to engage in constructive or critical debates aimed at addressing the issue.

In the end, it enhances hatred and strains vital social relations that are critical for grown and development. At this point, it is also worth noting that Muslims are an important social group. Therefore, excluding them from vital economic and social processes, the society also fails to achieve sustainable and holistic growth and development. Therefore, the practice prevents economic development and hurts Muslims (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2007).

Social exclusion and social hostility characteristics holds on to the idea that Islamophobia has a negative impact on mental wellness of the affected persons. Apart from preventing them to participate in vital social projects, it also exposes them to a wide range of mentally distressing conditions. They also feel alienated from the society that is in normal circumstances required to support them in different ways.

(Khalil (2013: 48), also agrees disrespect from the global society leads to development of destructive anger feelings, alienation and disaffection. This underrates performance of young Muslims in different spheres of life. Apart from leading to their educational failure, negative treatment also leads to unemployment. Social alienation generally prevents young Muslims from living a normal life.

Mainstream parties also use anti-muslim messages and slogans to succeed in elections. The messages convince the masses that they do not support Islam. This indicates that they distance themselves from the religion. Since they assume vital political positions and leaderships later on, it also implies that laws and rules formulated by the politicians, implemented and enforced by the same people do not favor the general wellbeing of Muslims. Lack of political will to address Muslim problems also has an adverse impact on their survival.

It also reveals that social programs and other development initiatives do not focus on the needs of the Muslim brothers and sisters. This kind of exclusion deters Muslims from sharing and benefiting from available resource base. Finally, injustice and violence drive young Muslims to engage in criminal activities. According to Sheridan (2006:324), characteristic disaffection towards Muslims leads to violent radicalism. This can also be used to explain rising representation of this group in the criminal justice system.

From a psychological point of view, populations that are considered to be violent reach a point where they actually engage in violence to assert the claims. Rising incidences of violence also prevent governments from addressing terrorism and initiating development. It also exposes the masses to negative religious extremism and violence. It also divides the society and leads to significant losses.

Ultimately negative effects across the nation outweigh and overwhelm the benefits of Islamophobia. For this reason, it is vital for governments to employ ideal ways to address the matter effectively and efficiently.

Intervention Measures

Different stakeholders need to formulate, implement and affect laws addressing religious intolerance to counter the effects of Islamophobia. These will help to define clearly the meaning of freedom of expression and to advocate for exercise of related rights to the later; Kumar (2012:72) in his study indicates that laws should promote cultural and religious tolerance. Those who contravene the provisions should be held responsible for their actions.

The strategy will be quite instrumental in ensuring that religious and political leaders refrain from making insulting or inflammatory comments. Additionally, it will reduce incitement as well as negative impact on the general wellbeing of Islamic religion. To ensure its effectiveness, legal provisions should also be quite comprehensive and inclusive.

Non-governmental organizations and civil society should also assume active roles in reconciling differences and in addressing the concern. Therefore, in his research, Weller (2006:295) is contended that these are the institutions that play a very critical role in today’s international relations. They also contribute significantly in addressing global matters of great importance. Specifically, their activities help to bring together different stakeholders including academicians, religious leaders, diplomats and the media.

Therefore, they can make the most of such a platform to discuss important issues that relate to manipulation of religious practices and faith by radical groups and unlawful justification of their acts. Additionally, they can make suggestions on the best solutions that can be used to manage the trend and to ensure the wellbeing of Muslims.

Governments should also incorporate important also incorporate changes in the educational systems used in their institutions. Such vital changes enhance sustainability and in this regard, Gottschalk and Greenberg (2007:98), recommend that the syllabi should be revised by the government at all education levels. The revision should additionally include incorporation of vital concepts that focus on religious tolerance as well as the negative effects associated with cultural defamation.

Philosophy, history, religious studies and human sciences among other related disciplines are vital avenues that can be used to achieve this goal. They should also in this respect focus on presenting a balanced view of religion, civilization and cultures to target audience. Education is a vital tool because of its capability to align and change attitudes towards achievement of set goals. What’s more, it redefines behaviors and beliefs of the people.

Education is no doubt an important instrument that can be used efficiently to address the issue in a sustainable and effective manner. Similarly, the national, local and state governments should focus on developing and engaging in campaigns against Islamophobia. As earlier indicated, such institutions are highly influential and they can use their authority to bring change.

They can also use the strategy to relay factual and important information on religious and cultural diversity. The government should involve relevant stakeholders from all facets in the society actively and utilize all forms of media. This will be very effective in creating awareness amongst current population on Islamophobia, its negative effects and its implications on the wellness of the society. Most importantly, it will enhance objectivity in decision making process by ensuring that the masses base their decisions on informed choices or opinions.

Conclusion

Islamophobia is a delusion that has affected Muslim population negatively. It is a concept that enhances aggression and hostility towards this group of the population. From the preceding review, the concept of islamophobia is caused by many factors including misuse of the freedom of expression, ignorance on Muslim religious values, lack of legal instruments addressing the concept and misinterpretation of the idea of freedom of expression among others. It is highly manifested through enhance media coverage of islamophobia, discriminatory employment tactics and political commentaries that are derogatory.

Besides propagating hatred, the concept compromises economic development, strains social relations and prevents Muslims from sharing or benefiting from natural resource base. This is a concern that can be addressed efficiently by educating the society on the importance of cultural and religious respect as well as tolerance. It is a step that will take the efforts of the civil society as well as nonprofit organizations and pursuing anti-discriminatory campaigns to achieve the goal.

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References

Bleich, Erik. 2011. “What is Islamophobia and How Much is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept.” American Behavioral Scientist, 55 (12): 1581-1600.

Buehler, Arthur. 2011. “Islamophobia: A Projection of the West’s Dark Side.” Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 2 (4), 639-653.

Gottschalk, Peter, and Gabriel Greenberg. 2007. Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Igbal Zafar. 2010. “Islamophobia or Islamophobias: Towards Developing A Process Model.” Islamic Studies, 49 (1), 81-101.

Khalil, Mohammad. 2013. Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. Oxford: University Press.

Kumar, Deepa. 2012. Islamphobia and the Politics of Empire. New York: Haymarket Books.

Lean, Nathan. 2012. The Islamphobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims. London: Pluto Press.

Poynting, Scott. 2007. “The Resistible Rise of Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11^th September, 2001.” Journal of Sociology, 43 (1): 61-86.

Sheehi, Stephen, and Ward Churchill. 2011. Islamphobia: The Ideological Campaign Against Muslims. New York: Clarity Press.

Sheridan, Lorraine. 2006. “Islamophobia Pre and Post September 11^th, 2001.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21 (3): 317-336.

Weller Paul. 2006. “Addressing Religious Discrimination and Islamophobia: Muslims and Liberal Democracies. The case of the United Kingdom.” Journal of Islamic Studies, 17 (3), 295.